ABSTRACT
Urinary levels of nicotine metabolites were measured in nonsmokers and of tobacco either as cigarettes or as the middle eastern water pipes [narguila]. Levels of urinary cotinine were similar for the smokers of cigarettes [median 30 cigarettes per day] and narguila [median 2 pipes per day, or around 40 grams of tobacco]. Use of water pipes may remove a small amount of nicotine, but smokers appear to titrate dose to effect. It is unlikely that narguila smoking confers any less risk
Subject(s)
Humans , Nicotiana , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Smoking/adverse effects , Nicotine/urine , Nicotine/metabolismSubject(s)
Humans , Semen/chemistry , Smoking , Tobacco Use Disorder , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Nicotine/bloodABSTRACT
Salt iodination, in Lebanon, started partially in late 1992, and was implemented in a uniform manner by January 1995. following salt iodination, an epidemic of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis occurred as noted by the author, in his private clinic. The number of thyrotoxic patients increased sharply by 2 to 6 folds, and the yearly incidence rose from a baseline of 0.02% up to 0.07%. the younger patients have predominantly Graves disease [32% of the cases], while 17% have solitary thyroid nodules, and 44% of the cases were elderly subjects with multinodular goiter. The patholgenwsis and possible causes of this epidemic are discussed