An analysis of the performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank

Rural development was once equated with agriculture, allied sectors, and infrastructure. Rural development has become a strategy to enhance the rural poor's economic and social existence. It concerns rural development. Rural development is the process through which rural society progresses up the economic ladder, improving its social and economic standing. The study tries to analyse the financial performance of the Karnataka State Co-Operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank. The study relies on secondary data extracted from numerous NABARD Annual Reports, Sahakari Soudha, the Department of Cooperatives, Bangalore, and other publications and periodicals. The research spans a decade, from 2006 to 2021. Several statistical measures, including mean, percentage, and growth rate, are employed to evaluate the study. The study found that between the research periods, the KSCARD bank deposits, reserve money, total loan disbursed, and total share capital have all increased; however, the loan recovery percentage has fallen throughout the same period. In general, the KSCARD is an organisation that makes significant contributions to the growth of rural communities.

Effects of clinical use and sterilization on surface topography and surface roughness of three commonly used types of orthodontic archwires.

Aim: To evaluate the changes in surface topography and roughness of stainless steel (SS), nickel‑titanium and beta‑titanium (β‑Ti) archwires after clinical use and sterilization. Settings and Design: Thirty wires each of SS, nitinol, and β‑Ti (3M Unitek) were tested in as received, as received and autoclaved, and clinically retrieved then autoclaved conditions. Materials and Methods: A sterilization protocol of 134°C for 18 min was performed using an autoclave. Surface topography of specimens from each subgroup was examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM model Quanta 200, The Netherlands) at ×100, ×1000, and ×2500 magnifications. Surface roughness was measured using arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) values obtained from optical profilometric scanning (Taylor Hobson, Leicester, UK). Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed by one‑way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post‑hoc procedures. Results: Scanning electron microscope images revealed an increase in surface irregularities in SS and nitinol wires after clinical use. There was a significant increase in Ra values of SS orthodontic wires after intra‑oral exposure (P = 0.0002). Conclusion: Surface roughness of SS wires increased significantly after clinical use. Autoclave sterilization did not affect considerably on surface characteristics of any archwire.