The History of Korean Traditional Medicine / 의사학

Records of ethnic medicine in the Kokuryo, Baekjae and Shilla dynasties can be found in foreign literature, and evidence that a medicine unique to Korean was being developed in the Koryo dynasty can be found in Korean historical records. With the founding of Chosun, Hyang-yak medicine was established, and a medicine purely and uniquely Korean took root. The Chosun dynasty saw the development of a new form of medicine called Dong-Ui medicine, and an independent system emphasizing practicality was established as the new tradition of Korean medicine. Korean medicine continued in the Chosun dynasty without significant changes from the Koryo dynasty. However, tides of enlightenment brought Western medicine onto the shores of the Korean peninsula. Western medicine began to gain the recognition and trust of part of the royal court. Nonetheless, ordinary people still preferred Dong-Ui, Korean medicine, and they did not have a full understanding of Western medicine. As Chosun began to adopt enlightenment policies in the footsteps of Japan through the Kabo (1894) Revolution, Japan drove the Ching rulers out of the Korean peninsula and openly started interfering in Chosun's internal affairs. After repelling Russia, Japan's intervention in the Korean peninsula became even more aggressive, taking over Chosun's politics, diplomacy and military. Its encroachment on Chosun's sovereignty was at times even more cruel than during Japan's Meiji period.

The State and Medicine in Korea in the 20th Century : Traditional Medicine

No abstract available.

On the traditional surgery of Choson period (II) / 의사학

In this paper, authors discussed the classification of swelling (Chong), swelling-treatment methods (Chi-Chong) in Choson period, traditional notions about the natural history, treatment principles, popular healing methods of swelling, and depicted specially designed acupuncture instruments applied to it. Among the six professional guide books at that time, A Secret Recipe of Swelling Treatment (16th century) introduced the invasive surgical method into the narrow disease category i.e. carbuncle and furuncle, cellulitis, erysipelae, and gravitation abscess. The writer named these diseases as 'fire, stone, water, hemp, silk carbuncle', following each specific characteristics. Another surgical book, Orientation to Swelling Treatment (16th century) extended the surgical method to 'non-external' but 'looks-like swelling' diseases, such as pleurisy, tympanitis, testicular swelling, sequestrum of osteomyelitis. It is natural that some researchers doubted whether the book was used in real practice. However, the content of the book is too detailed to be regarded as an imaginary product. From these books and other materials, we found that the traditional notion of swelling was closely related with the notions of 'knotted' or 'pent in'. So 'pent-up rancor' or grudge was thought to aggravate any kind of swelling, and was tabooed or contraindicated in swelling treatment. 'Knotting in mind' was regarded as one of the principal etiologies of 'swelling and abscess formation in the body'. 'Fire in mind' was also regarded as one of the causes of phlegm aggregation resulting in swelling.

On the Traditional Surgery of Choson Period (I) / 의사학

In this paper, authors discussed the development of the traditional surgery of Choson Period(16th to 19th century), and analyzed the contents of their professional guide books on surgery, particulary, on abscess(Chong-Ki) excision. The invasive skill of Korean abscess healers was by far different from ones of the preservative traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. Korean healers used specially designed acupuncture instruments(mess-like), and they advocated early excision of abscess(carbuncle, furuncle, liver abscess, pleurisy etc). Their achievement can be said to be comparable with that of Ambroise Pare. Generally, they were of low classes. Therefore, by treating horses and their neighbors of same classes, they could improve their invasive, rather dangerous skills and could invent new techniques of surgery. And it might be said that they inherited the traditional secret method of medicine-men and Buddhist-doctors of Koryo period.

The History of Urology in Korea (1910-1945) / 의사학

The urological tradition of Korea dates back to the ancient period. The special urologist of Western medicine is produced in recent times. In the past there was no special discipline of urology in Eastern as well as Western medicine, which was studied as a part of internal medicine or general surgery. Therefore there was neither urology part nor special urologist in the hospitals established in Korea during the late 19th century. Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and reorganized Daehan Hospital into the Government-General Hospital, where the dermatology part was built as outpatient clinic in October 1. The Associated Medical Training Institute came to teach dermatology, so a Japanese instructor came there. After then it was changed into Kyungsung Medical College where also was dermatology instituted, but the patients of urological problems were cared in internal medicine or general surgery part. The first Korean surgeon who entered as assistant the dermatology department of the Government General Hospital is Kim Kyo-Chang, who graduated Daehan Hospital Medical School in 1911. In 1916, when the Government General Medical Training Institute was changed to Kyungsung Medical College, Choo Young-Son, a graduate of Chiba Medical College, entered the dermatology department and had worked until 1922. Then Oh Won-Son entered there as surgeon and worked during the period Watanabe, and then Hirota was the chief of the department. He was promoted assistant professor in 1926, and appointed as instructor in 1928 when Kyungsung Medical College came to be independent. He taught dermatology there until 1932 as working in his own clinic in downtown. The chief surgeon of this period was Kataoka. In 1929 Hong Jin-Ku, who entered there as assistant in 1928, was appointed as instructor but he resigned the next year. From 1933 to 1940 Kim Sung-Whan cared patients as well as taught students as instructor. There were also some assistants including Chong Chae-Wung, but they seemed to take 2 or 3 year training and open their own clinic or change the specialty. In Severance Medical School Oh Kyung-Sun, who had graduated Louisville Medical School in 1907 and had been specialized in dermatology including venereal disease, was appointed as instructor in 1913. He got a training in dermatology and venereal disease in Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine in 1916, and established the dermato-genito-urology department there the next year. He gave an American style clinical instruction and Park Chu-Poong entered there for the first time as assistant in 1919. Then a few students such as Lee Young-Jun, Lee Hak-Song, who studied in Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine, left some works in the field of dermatology and urology. Kim Ul-Sung and Yun Yu-Son worked there as instructor and about 20 surgeons got a training there. The dermatourology department of Kyungsung Imperial University Faculty of Medicine was established in 1928 and Hirota of Kyungsung Medical College was appointed as chief professor. Oh Won-Sun, who assisted Hirota, resigned as Isiwata was commissioned. Kitamura was substituted for Hirota in 1939. Koreans of this department usually left after finishing there training as assistant or vice assistant, but Choi Jae-Wi, who had entered as vice assistant in 1935, working there for 13 years, finally got a appointment of instructor. But he had to resigned the very day, and opened a clinic in downtown. There were 8 Korean assistants dismissed after only 1 year working. As mentioned above, the urology of Korea started as dermatology including venereal disease. Lee Hak-Song, a graduate of Severance Union Medical School in 1932, taking his training in the department of dermatology-urology of Tokyo Imperial University Medical School, returned home and gave patient care and student education mainly in urology field. In Kyungsung Imperial University Faculty of Medicine Choi Ja-Wi, who graduated in 1935 and entered the dermatology department, separated urological surgery from dermatology when Seoul National University College of Medicine was organized after the Liberation. The works of these two figures are very monumental in the early history of urology in Korea.

Medicine during the Enlightenment Era of the Late Yi Dynasty / 의사학

Korean people in the late Yi Dynasty were always in danger of contagious diseases due to unhealthy residence, poor food and inconvenient clothing. Closing of the country represented by traditional life style and custom did not lead Koreans to civilization. Meanwhile, some pioneers inspired by flow of new culture had stimulated politicians. At that time, these pioneers made political situation fall into disorder. But in the medical community, this gave them an opportunity to understand and introduce Western medicine. As Western medicine was introduced, medical system was revolutionized and regulations for physicians were announced. In the Royal Palace, they started to invite a Western doctor as an attendance physician. By the department of hygiene the regulations for preventing contagious diseases were established and the institution for public health was operated by government. From 1899, the hospital attached to the department of internal affairs and Red Cross Hospital were established. Moreover military medical institution was reorganized to evolve the health of the army and local medical institution had progressed to the national one by establishing Hyemin-Won. In 1872, Takada Eisaku who had learned Western medicine opened a private clinic in Choryang-Jin for Japanese merchants residing there. This clinic was considered as the first clinic in Korea which practiced Western medicine. Since then, as in 1876, Kwangwha Island Treaty was concluded and Korea opened ports, Japanese opened some clinics in Pusan, Wonsan, Hansong(Seoul) and Inchon. At that time, Korean traditional medicine was responsible for public health inherited from Koryo Dynasty influenced by Chinese medicine. Japanese compared traditional Korean medicine to Kampo herbology which abolished in Meiji Restoration and they thought it as outdated. So they established clinics of Western style to protect their own people. When they established clinics, they justified their purpose with implications of exhibition and invasion saying to develop and lead to Korea to exert itself or to conciliate and enlighten. Koreans found themselves difficult to accept their intention and instead they had an antipathy to them. Chosun government allowed an American missionary doctor, HN Allen to serve at Jejung-Won(House of Universal Helpfulness) since he had treated Young-Ik Min with excellence and trust when Min was wounded in Gapsin coup d'etat and he himself volunteered to serve for civilian health. At the same time WB Scranton, a missionary doctor of Northern methodist church, opened a clinic to take care of Korean people as a part of missionary work. Their efforts made Koreans begin to accept Western medicine. In 1895, Oliver R Avison took over Jejung-Won and in fall of 1900 Avison returned with the fund for the foundation of new hospital from Louis H Severence and he began medical education to the assistant students in full scale. He had then translate medical textbooks and trained students to acquire medical theory and clinical experience. On June 3, 1908 seven students graduated as the first graduates after 8 years of training. Supervisor directly awarded diploma at the commencement. In 1909 government authorized it as civic Severence hospital medical school. Various religious group such as Northern Presbyterian Church, Northern Methodist Church, Southern Methodist Church, Protestant Episcopal Church, Presbyterian Church of Australia and Presbyterian Church of Canada sent to Korea were assigned to medical missionary hospitals by each region and began to establish hospitals in Hansong(Seoul), Pyongyang, Kaesong, Inchon, Jaeryong, Songchon, Wonsan, Hamhung, Sungjin, Kangge in the Northern region and Pusan, Taegu, Kimchon, Chinju, Kwangju, Mokpo, Kunsan, Chonju, Kongju, Chongju in the Southern region for the sake of Koreans. Although Japanese had started to build clinics of Western style, they were not considered as distributing Western medicine because it was aiming at invading Korea and protecting mainly their own people. Contrary, Koreans at that time began to evaluate the value of Western medicine from the activities of missionary doctors for Koreans. On December 22, 1895, government proclaimed the regulation to establish the Vaccinators Training Institute to teach the students the method of making smallpox vaccine and vaccination. The regulation stipulated one month of educational term but resume of graduate students indicated 5-7 months of training. The Institute was the first one that taught Western medicine by government assuming that there were both simple practice and theoretical subject. After proclaiming the establishment of the medical school(Euihak-Kyo) on March 24, 1899 the government began to gather students and opened the school in October with academic facility and faculty members. The curricula included both liberal arts and clinical medicine by following the regulation on the school. Vaccination taught in Vaccinators Training Institute was transferred as one subject. In the early period some physicians such as Ik-Nam Kim, the first Korean who learned the Western medicine in Japan and Takezi Kotake, a Japanese surgeon were in charge of teaching medicine there. Liberal arts was taught by competent instructors who were not doctors. 19 students graduated in July 1902 as the first graduates after 3 years of training and some of them remained as instructors in the school. Therefore, around 1900 Korea had two Westernized medical schools, one(Euihak-Kyo) was run by government and the other one(Jejung-Won Euihak-Kyo) by missionary society. Meanwhile, Chosun government sent the young students who had learned Japanese to study medicine abroad after they passed a certain test. Among them Ik-Nam Kim, Sang-Ho An and Chong-Won Park came back to Korea after they had become doctors in Japan. Jae-Pil Seo, being a citizen in USA, Esther Park, serving as a missionary doctor of Northern Methodist Church, Gung-Sun Oh, serving as a missionary doctor of Southern Presbyterian Church were among those who received MD degree in America. In 1905 Japanese established the Residency-General and consolidated Kwangje-Won which was the medical institution attached to the department of internal affairs, the hospital attached to Euihak-Kyo and Red Cross Hospital which was a relief agency to reorganize as Taehan Clinic mainly for Japanese residents in Korea. And soon Japanese replaced entire faculty to Japanese doctors and expelled Korean traditional doctors.

Dermatology at the Dawn of a New Age (1876-1945) / 의사학

It is not certain when the science of dermatology began in our country due to lack of written evidence. However, it probably began with the first establishment of new modern western style medical school in Korea in 1899. The first person who taught the science of dermatology was Dr. Ik-Nam Kim who was educated at Chikeikai Medical School in Japan and became a medical teacher after coming back to Korea in April 1900. The first known dermatologist in Korea was Dr. Kyung-Sun Oh. He entered Louisville Medical School in Louisville, Kentucky, USA in 1902 and he had internship training at Louisville City Hospital after graduation from the medical school in 1907. When he came back to Korea, he was the first dermatologist but the sixth medical doctor after Jae-Pil Seo, Ik-Nam Kim, Sang-Ho Ahn, Ester Park, and Jong-Won Park. The science of dermatology recognized as an individual course was took place in 1910 when the Uihakkyo(Medical School) was affiliated with Daehan Hospital medical school and announced as an independent course. However, there was no dermatologist in that clinic. The evidence of individual dermatology grade was shown on their grade cards in the class of 1911 which was second graduate from Severance Hospital Medical School. However, the only person taught in Severance Medical School was Dr. OR Avison who was not a dermatologist. When the Daehan Hospital was reorganized and changed name into Government-General Hospital in 1910, Hazime Arai was appointed an attending dermatologist to the clinic but he resigned immediately. The next person who was appointed a dermatologist was Susumu Watanabe in 1913 and he became a professor and chairman in the department when the school promoted to Kyungsung Medical College in 1916. Yasushi Hirota was the next person who was appointed in dermatology department when Susumu Watanabe was resigned in 1924. However Yataba Kataoka was reappointed in that department when Yasushi Hirota moved to Kyungsung Imperial University Medical School as an attending professor with new establishment of the Dermato-urology department in 1928. Isamu Moriyasu followed by Nobuhira Kusarai was the head of professors in Taegu Medical College and Tatsuo Nishiyama was in Pyungyang Medical College. All of national and state government supported medical schools were operated by Japanese chairman. The Korean faculty members in medical schools were as follows. As Korean faculty members in Kyungsung Medical College, Kyo-Chang Kim was an assistant in 1913 and Young-Sun Joo was entered as an assistant in 1916 but became a 'Wuiwon' until 1924. Won-Seok Oh was assistant professor from 1926 to 1928. After resignation from the College, he gave lectures as an instructor from 1928 to 1932. Other than Won-Seok Oh, there were two other members working as instructor in the College. Jin-Ku Hong from 1929 to 1930 and Sung-Whan Kim from 1933 to 1940 worked as instructors. There were six to seven members of Korean working as assistants besides Jae-Woong Chung. In Kyungsung Imperial University Medical School, Jae-Ui Choi started with deputy assistant in 1935 then resigned at the day when he was appointed an assistant on May 11th, 1940. Bong-Ung Kim and Ung-Yun Kim started with deputy assistants then resigned as assistants. Sang-Yo Lee, Young-Sik Cho, Byung-Hak Cho, and Tong-II Park started and resigned as deputy assistants. Doo-Sik Park, Tae-Boo Lee, and Sun-Bong Seo were the dermatologist from Taegu Medical College. Sang-Yo Lee, Tae-Ha Woo, and Moo-Seup Cha graduated from Pyungyang Medical College. The Uro-Genito-Dematology department in Severance Union Medical School was established by the first Korean dermatologist, Kyung-Sun Oh on May 14th 1917. Young-Joon Lee entered as an assistant in 1927 and became an assistant professor in 1929. He was promoted to professor in 1932 and chairman of the department in 1934. He became the 3rd dean of the Medical School in 1943. Hak-Song Lee started with title of the assistant professor in 1939 then became a chairman when he was promoted to professor in 1943. Eul-Sung Kim and Yu-Sun Yun were appointed assistants. Since 1927, about twenty doctors had been trained in the dermatology field. This was only Korean dermatology group. In Kyungsung Women's Medical College, Sung-Whan Kim was the first Professor since the College started and worked until the liberation from Japanese occupation as a chairman in Uro-Dermatology department. It is the record of the development of dermatology in Korea from 1876 to the year 1945.

The Rise of Western Medicine and the Decline of Traditional Medicine in Korea, 1876-1910 / 의사학

No abstract available.

The Rise of Western Medicine and the Decline of Traditional Medicine in Korea, 1876-1910 / 의사학

No abstract available.

Dr. Kung Sun Oh and the Department of Dermatology of Yonsei University College of Medicine / 의사학

The Department of Dermatology of Severance Hospital was founded on May 14, 1917. However, dermatology patients were treated at Che Jung Won in 1886 according to HN Allen's report. Accordingly, it is presumable that OR Avison also saw dermatology patients and gave lectures but these are not the records of the Department of Dermatology. When Doctor Kung Sun Oh was sent to Severance Hospital on May 12, 1913, he gave lectures on anatomy, pathology and bacteriology. He became interested in dermatology and, in 1916, went to Tokyo Imperial University to study for a year. After his return, the Skin and Genitourinary Department, named western style, was opened on May 14, 1917. Despite Japanese system of running the department as Dermatology-Urology, Professor Kung Sun Oh managed the department with dermatology as the main concern. Student education and clinical practices were very strict and based on diseases but there were only a few original research articles. In 1921, Professor Kung Sun Oh was appointed the superintendent according to the amendment of the school system. On April 30, 1931, he was appointed the deputy principal and on February 16, 1934, he became the second principal of Severance Medical School and was inaugurated on Apil 17, 1934. Thus, Professor Oh rendered distinguished services in the management of the school despite his position as a professor and brought up the Severance Medical School as a formal medical school approved by the Japanese medical system. Principal Kung Sun Oh was a Christian missionary as evidenced by his many titles such as the President and Director of Seoul Orphanage, a member of Korean Social Services, Vice-president of Seoul Mission Association, director of Central Christian Youth Association and contributed a lot to the public. His deeds were acknowledged by the Korean Medical Association and, in 1934, nominated him to a senatorial post. In 1935, he was nominated as a senator to the Japanese Dermatology Association and Japanese Urology Association. In 1942, the name of 'Severance' was changed to 'Asahi', but the management of the school was kept until liberation in 1945. In summary, Professor Kung Sun Oh was a dedicated Dermatology professor, a principal who gave his best effort for the development of the medical school and a missionary who spent all his life in purifying society.

Infectious Diseases and Medical Institutions in the Late Chosen Dynasty / 의사학

There were severe outbreaks of cholera and syphilis in the late Chosen Dynasty. In this article, I examine how these diseases spreaded and which preventive and curative measures were used against them. There were five times of cholera epidemic in Chosen Dynasty. Oriental medicine was initially adopted for the prevention and cure of the disease, but it did not produce remarkable results. Disinfection center and Cholera Clinic, the first special institution for the patients suffering from epidemic diseases, were established in Jeol-yung island, but could not be run properly at first. As preventive measures came to be more westernized, the popular awareness of understanding of the disease was improved. Temporary quarantine stations were established, and Korean government announced several rules against cholera. Contemporary Korean physicians had not known well about syphilis. Syphilis began to spread after the 1905 Protectorate Treaty was contracted and the Japanese migrated to Korea in large numbers. Syphilis had already spreaded widely among the Japanese prostitutes, and special clinic was established from relatively early times. After the 1905 Treaty, Korean women entered into the Japanese prostitutes' house, and syphilis disseminated among the Koreans. Korean government did not establish special clinic as Japanese did, but Kwangjewon made efforts to enlighten the people and carried out veneral disease checks and remedy of the prostitutes. Registration of the prostitutes and collection of taxes from them became two policies to root out the prostitution and syphilis.

Infectious diseases and medical institutions in the late Chosen dynasty / 의사학

The first Korean record on the smallpox can be found in the Hyangyak-Kukupbang compiled during the period of late Koryo dynasty. The record told on the cause, symptom, preventive and curative method of the disease but it did not touch upon its infectivity. Jeong Yak-Yong and Lee Jong-In of late 18th and early 19th centuries recognized first that the disease is infectious and it can be prevented by the vaccination method. But the vaccination against smallpox had not been carried out in public until 1880. From 1879 Chi Suk-Young began to try it privately to his relatives and neighbors. For sometime the smallpox vaccination was considered foreign and heretical by many people and some officers, so the trial of Chi and his colleagues had to go through an ordeal until the Reform of 1894. In 1895 the government first proclaimed an Ordinance on the Smallpox Vaccination in October and an Ordinance on the Training Center for Smallpox Vaccination in November. And two years later, in 1897 to bring up the vaccination doctors the government established the Training Center for Smallpox Vaccination, which was in 1899 integrated into the Medical school, the first modern and westernized medical school run by Korean government. Many of the vaccination doctors were posted at the newly established Office of Smallpox Vaccination by the government to perform their activities there until 1907.

Modernization Process of the Medical Education in Korea / 의사학

In Korea, there had been the public educational system of the traditional medicine since Shilla Kingdom, and Koryo government had the selection system of the medical doctors for the public services from the reign of King Kwangjong (AD 958). These traditional system had been maintained until King Kojong of Chosun Kingdom (AD 1885), when the traditional hospital with medical school Hye-Min-Seo was replaced by Che-Jung-Won, the first modern hospital in Korea, where the Western medical service for people and practical medical education were performed by western missionary doctors. But the medical education in Che-Jung-Won did not last long because people and government at that time did not recognize the value of the Western medicine and some medical missionaries had personal difficulties. After the reformation of 1894 when the health administration and service based upon Western medicine were planned, the government of Chosun Kingdom needed the personnel who could practice the Western medicine. So government began by establishing the short-term (three month) Training School for the personnel of the smallpox vaccination in 1897, and founded the first public medical school named Eui-Hak-Kyo of three-year course for educating the medical students in 1899. Although medical subjects were taught by Japanese lecturers in the beginning year of the school, Korean medical doctors (of whom Kim Ik-nam was the first), graduates from the medical schools in Japan actively participated in the teaching the Korean students from the next year. But with the 1905 'Protectorate Treaty', Eui-Hak-Kyo was renamed Tae-Han-Eui-Won Eui-Yook-Bu with the authority running the school under the Japanese hands. From then almost all the processes of modernization in medicine were controlled by Japanese. On the other hand, the first private medical school named Che-Jung-Won Eui-Hak-Kyo began to be run by Dr OR Avison, an medical missionary of the US Northern Presbyterian Church from the year 1899. After the 1910 annexation of Korea by Imperial Japan, the system and the contents of the medical education were reorganized according to those in Japan. So the modernization of medicine and medical education in Korea was not for Korea and Korean people but for the convenience of Imperial Japanese administration. The March First Movement of 1919 made the Japanese policy changed. In 1925 Japanese government established the Kyongsung Imperial University Medical School whose faculty were mainly composed of the professors of the Kyongsung Medical College , and which was also for the Japanese ruling, not for Korean people. As the Kyongsung Imperial University Medical School was founded, the Kyongsung Medical College became independent from the government-general hospital and several Korean doctors were installed as the professors of the school. After the 1931 war between Japan and China, Pyongyang and Taegu Medical Colleges in 1933 and Kwangju and Hamheung Medical Colleges in 1944 were founded, but which are thought to be also for the militaristic Japanese administration, not for the improvement of the medical education in Korea. In colonial Korea there were two private medical schools. One was Severence Union Medical School, the other was Kyongsung Women's Medical College for women whose faculty were mainly composed of Korean although which was operated by the Japanese master. The former, the late self of private Che-Jung-Won, was one whose educational and administrative staff were composed of the western missionary and Korean doctors and so whose administration and education were relatively freely performed from the Japanese government.

The Korean Doctors Who Studied Medicine Abroad / 의사학

Chi Seok-Young was the first Korean to go abroad to study the western medicine. In Japan, he studied it for approximately 4 months from May to September 1880. He did not go through the curriculum in its entirity but was able to bring back knowledge in the western medicine nevertheless. Seo Jae-Pil, who exiled to the United States as the result of Kapsin coup failure in December 1884, was the next to study the medicine abroad. He enrolled at the Columbian University School of Medicine in 1889 and completed requirements in March 1892, becoming the first Korean doctor in the western medicine. In 1896, Kim Ik-Nam enrolled Jikeikai Hospital Medical School in Japan after passing 1895 government-sponsored qualification examination to study abroad in Japan. He graduated in November 1899 and received a license to practice medicine from the Ministry of Education in Japan. And in 1902, Ahn Sang-Ho also graduated from Jikeikai Hospital Medical School. In 1896, Kim Jum-Dong(Esther Park) accompanied Dr RS Hall, who was an American woman doctor serving as a missionary for Methodist Church, to the United States and enrolled Baltimore Women's Medical College in October 1st of the same year. She graduated in 1900 and became the first Korean woman to a Doctorate of Medicine. Thereafter in 1902, an American Southern Presbyterian Church missionary Dr Alexander who was assigned to Kunsan, recommended on O Geung-Sun to travel to the United States and he subsequently enrolled at Louisville University School of Medicine in March 1904. He returned after graduation in 1907 and became the third Korean to receive a Doctorate of Medicine in the United States. In 1899, the first Western Medical School(Eui-hak-kyo) was established in Korea. Its curricula were essentially an abbreviated version of the Japanese. Therefore, as a medical educational entity, a significant difference from the Japanese system was inevitable. Because of this shortcoming, its graduates were not given much credibility. Therefore, some of the more ambitious graduates went abroad to study in Japan or Germany. There were instances where some went abroad to Britain. Similarly, total of 11 students went to the United States either through the recommendation of Christian missionary doctors or as teaching faculties of the Severance Medical College. The first Korean to travel to Germany to study pathological microbiology was Yu Il-Jun in July 1921. And Lee Suk-Shin followed Yu's course in August of the same year, Lee Sung-yong in September 1921, Yun Chi-Hyung in 1922, Park Ju-Byung in 1923, Jeong Suk-Tae in 1924, and Ahn Nam-Gyu in 1925, etc. And in Britain, Yun Chi-Wang earned a Doctorate of Medicine from Glasgow university. In Japan, prior to 1910, some students such as Kim Ik-Nam, Ahn Sang-Ho, Park Jong-Sun and Kang Dong-Ok studied the western medicine. Since 1910 until 1945, total of 369 Korean students, including 268 men and 101 women received their degrees in Medicine, and 166 doctors were granted Doctor of Medical Science degree in Japan. The table below shows the numbers of Korean who got degrees in Medicine(M.D) and degrees in Doctor of Medical Science(D.M.Sc) from some medical colleges in Japan.

Medical Education in Pyongang(1890-1945) / 의사학

As early as the reign of King Taejo, the Chosen Dynasty started medical education in Pyongyang by establishing a medical school under "uikwa" which was an independent governmental organization of the 10 bu. Toward the end of the Dynasty, a local medical organization called "uihakwon", which was independent of the "Hyeminso" and comparatively large as a local medical organization, was established in Pyongyang under the control of "Pusa" and "Chick chang". This educational organization was staffed by one professor and had an enrollment of 16 students. Around 1894, when the Sino-Japanese War broke outs American missionaries, medical and non-medical, chose Pyongyang as the base of their missionary activities and started medical and educational work William James Hall, of the Northern Methodist Church, started medical work sometime later, Rossetta S. Hall, who accompanied her husband to Pyongyang opened a hospital for women. In the meantime, J. Hunter Wells, of the Northern Presbyterian Church, inaugurated the "Chejungwon" and launched medical service in Pyongyang. These medical activities naturally needed trained medical assistants and missionary doctors came to embrace an idea of educating regular medical doctors in Korea where there were no Korean medical doctors. This occasioned Dr. Hall and Dr. Wells to launch medical education. Their medical education which began in 1897-1899 was a pioneer work for Western medical education in Pyongyang. In 1905, Japan established the Japanese "Uisagwan" in Pyongyang and commissioned Nakamura Tomizo in charge of the organization and the medical care of Japanese residents. Nakamura opened a hospital in Pyongyang and while practicing on the one hand, conducted medical education for Korean students. At that time, he was recommended to become a member of the Tonginhae and started the Tongin Uiwon(hospital) and its attached medical school. He recruited students from private schools and provided Western medical education to them. This organization for medical education was the first medical school established by Japanese in Pyongyang. The Tongin Uiwon was sold to the Korean government in 1910 and regionalized under the name of Chahye Uiwon. This medical organization was disbanded in 1911 according to the policy for unified medical education of the Government-General in Korea which began with the annexation. The Pyongang area, due to its peculiar situation(the Japanese authorities regarded this area as one of people with strong anti-Japanese sentiment), lagged behind other areas in the benefit of all cultural facilities including medical organizations. Under the circumstances, in spite of a strong and longstanding insistence that there be established a medical school in Pyongyang the demand had not been met until 1923 when the Pyongyang Medical Training Institute was inaugurated by the Japanese. This institute was later reorganized into the Pyongyang Medical College which was operated entirely by Japanese professors until 1945 when North Korea was occupied by the Soviet Army. As aforementioned, the Pyongyang Medical College was staffed entirely Japanese professors. There were no Korean professor or no department chiefs of "political purpose". It is presumed that the graduates and under-graduates of the Pyongyang Medical College at that time were the most recalcitrant to the educational policy of Japanization. There were many graduates of this college who sought positions of academic researches elsewhere and made strenuous efforts to excel their Japanese competitors in social and academic aspects. with the results that as many as 24 of them won a degree of doctor of medical science with outstanding academic achievements. Such efforts of them resulted, after the liberation of our country, in the remarkable activities in the medical circle, both domestic and abroad, which were equal to those done by graduates of medical college, with much a longer history.

Medical Education in Taegu(1980-1991) / 의사학

In Taegu, the Yaknyongshi was established as early as the 9th year of King Hyojong(1658) of the Chosen Dynasty, and in the 10th year of King Hyojong(1659) the 'Tonguibogam' was published as a Yongyongbon edition by the Kyongsang Provincial Government In fact, it may not be an exaggeration to say that Taegu was the base of the traditional medicine in Korea. In the meantime the general public began to become aware of the importance of Western medicine when Dr. Woodbridge O Johnson of the Northern Presbyterian Church introduced Western medicine by opening the 'Miguk Yakpang'(American dispensary) and began to teach Western medicine to Korean youths. At that time, while constructing the Kyong for a war against Russia, Japanese began to establish hospitals in several major cities and towns along the railway line and mobilized Tonginhae doctors. However, those medical facilities were solely for the benefit of Japanese people residing in Korea and had nothing to do with ordinary Koreans. The attached medical school of the Taegu Tonginuiwon failed, contrary to expectation, to turn out even a single Korean medical doctor. This hospital was later reorganized into Taegu Chahyeuiwon and was soon closed according to the policy of educational unification of the Government General Korea. The keen interest in the Western medicine shown by the people of Taegu resulted from the long history of this area as a base of Oriental medicine. More than 10 years after the abolition of the institute far Western medicine in Pyongyang a Western medical training center was inaugurated as a night school in January 1923 by the Chahyeuiwon and the school began to be operated under the name of the Pyongyang Provincial Medical Training Institute. In July 1923, in Taegu, the Taegu Medical Training Institute was inaugurated in the compound of the Chahyeuiwon as a night school in imitation of the institute in Pyongyang. In march 1924, this institute, following the example of that in Pyongyang was renamed the Taegu Provincial Medical Training Institute with the promulgation of a decree of Kyongsangbukdo regarding the regulation on the Taegu Medical Training Institute. Thanks to the strong demand by the population of the Kyongsanbukdo, fund-raising and other campaigns by Koreans and Japanese, and active efforts by the local governmental authorities, the Taegu Provincial Medical Training Institute was approved as an institute of a semimedical college level by the Government-General in Korea with the promulgation of the regulations on the Kyongsangbuk-do Medical Training Institute in May 1929. In March 1930, both the Taegu Provincial Medical Training Institute and Pyongyang Provincial Medical Training Institute were designated as "Uihakkyo(medical school)" by the Government-General in Korea. By this designation, the graduates of the schools were given a medical license permitting them to practice medicine in korea. That is to say, the graduates enjoyed the same privilege to exercise professional right within Korea as those of other medical colleges. Three years later, on March 4 1933, the regulations on public schools in Korea were revised and, on March 6, the establishment of medical colleges were permitted. Thus, in Kyongsangbukdo, the regulations on the Taegu Medical College were proclaimed in the form of a decree of the provincial government and, in accordance with the regulations, professors were nominated and students were recruited. In the meantime, with the timely completion of construction of the college building in August 1933, the college moved to the new compound in November of the same year. Thus, the Taegu Medical College, equipped with new facilities, emerged and satisfied the long-cherished desire of the people in this area. Unlike the Pyongyang Medical College, the Taegu Medical College had some Korean teaching staff members. They were: Pak Jae-Hwan(professor) ; Seo Sung-Hae, Chung He-Taek, Lee Myeng-Hun, Kwon Kil-Chae, Choe Duk-Saeng, Pae Chong-Ho, Lee Chil-Hui(assistant professor) ; and Cha Ham-Su, Kee Yong-Suk(instructors). They taught and conducted research in various departments of clinical and basic medicine. However, there were few Korean graduates of the Taegu Medical College who continued study and research at their alma mater. It is known that Korean graduates of this medical college did their study and research mostly at medical colleges in Japan or at the Medical Department of the Kyongsuong Imperial University. The author wishes to pay his tribute of sincere praise to the painstaking efforts and diligence of the small number of graduates of this medical college who, in spite of the haughtiness and prejudice by the Japanese, conducted study and research that later led to the foundation of the Kyongbuk University Medical College.

Oriental Medical Doctors and the Oriental Medicine Training Institute During the Era of Enlightenment / 의사학

The medical system of the Koryo Kingdom was maintained by the Chosen Dynasty without much change. In the meantime, with the tide of enlightenment surging into the Korean Peninsula. Western medicine was introduced into this land and began to be recognized as a reliable, new healing art. At that time, Western medicine was highly valued by court officials and some upper-class people. However, the greater part of the general public preferred Oriental medicine on account of their long tradition and failed to understand the importance of Western medicine. With the Kabo-Kyongjang(Reformation), Korea, in imitation of Japan, began pursuing the policy of enlightenment. Meanwhile, Japan drove China out of Korea and later succeeded in Russia's encroachment upon the Korean Peninsula. By so doing, Japan actively began interfering in Korea's national affairs, politically, diplomatically and militarily. Japan applied to Korea the same, even harsher, method that it used at the time of the Meiji Restoration and began to encroach upon Korea's sovereignty. Under the circumstances, the medical circle in Korea was not free from the influence of Japan, either. By a method even more cold-hearted than that it adopted to estrange Oriental medical doctors from their society at the beginning of the Meiji restoration Japan suppressed Korean Oriental medical doctors and removed then from the Korean officialdom. The Japanese authorities showed favor only for a small number of western medical doctors, and in accordance with the policy of the Tonggambu, reorganized or newly established governmental and public medical organizations as they desired. Furthermore, Japan, which already had an excess of medical doctors, had a large number of their medical doctors migrate into Korea as a means of invasion. The policy of priority for Western medical doctors resulted in relegating all Oriental medical doctors in Korea to the status of medical people with a limited licence called "Uisaeng". The government authorities did not permit the creation of research and educational organizations for Oriental medicine. Moreover, they attempted at disunity and self-destruction in the circle of Oriental medical doctors in Korea. However, as all Korean people did at that time, Korean Oriental medical doctors demonstrated patriotic spirit in the movement of maintaining and restoring Oriental medicine in Korea. Nevertheless they were powerless and eventually had to submissively obey the Japanese policy of adopting Western medicine only as a means of "protecting and improving" the health of the people. In this situation, Korean Oriental medical doctors were farced to acquire knowledge on Western medicine through seminars and lectures at teaching institutes, which led to the emergence of medical doctors peculiar to Korea called "Uisaeng". Some traditional-minded Oriental medical doctors hid themselves among the public mass and conducted medical practice under the sign "Shinnong Yuop". Japan still refuges publically at the governmental level or otherwise to acknowledge that its culture originated from Korea. However, general tourists as well as students who tour Korea under the guidance of their teachers are fully convinced that the origin of their culture is Korea by the time they return home. Some Japanese are unwillingly to admit that Koreans taught medicine to their ancestors. It is true that Japanese preceeded Koreans in importing Western medicine. However, they still treasure numerous Oriental medical books authored by Korean scholars, are engaged in the study and research of the abstruse principles of Oriental medicine, and apply the results of their research to the development of new medicines. At the end of this articles, the author wants to reach the following conclusion : In an excessive indulgence in importing new culture from Europe, Japan exterminated Oriental medicine in its land at the time of Meiji Restoration, defining it as unscientific. Likewise, it suppressed Oriental medical doctors in Korea including "Yuui" terming them together "Uisaeng", in disregard of Korean tradition and scientific principles of Oriental medicine. This was done under the pretext of improving the sanitary environment but the reform of the medical system was part of the Japanese colonial policy. It is noteworthy that the Japanese policy resulted in the continued existence of Oriental medicine in the form of folk medicine peculiar to Korea in which Oriental medicine is blended with Western medicine. From this, it is presumed that the Japanese "Uisaeng" system conversely opened a way for the restoration of Oriental medicine in Korea.

The Beginning of Western Medical Education / 의사학

Our country had quite an advanced system of medical education during the era of the Koryo Kingdom, and during the Choson Dynasty, the Kyong Guk Dae Jon, in Which a systematized medical education was clearly described, was compiled in the era of King Sejong. However, the educational system was not for Western medicine. Western medicine was first introduced to our country in the 9th year of King Injo(1631) when Chong Du Won, Yi Yong Jun, etc., returned from Yon Gyong(Beiuin) with Chik Bang Oe Gi. Knowledge of Western medicine was disseminated by Shil Hak(practical learning) scholars who read a translation in Chinese characters, of Chik Bang Oe Gi. Yi Ik(Song Ho), Yi Gyu Gyong(O ju), Choe Han Gi(Hye Gang), Chong Yak Yong(Ta San), etc., read books of Western medicine and introduced in writing the excellent theory of Western medicine. In addition, Yu Hyong Won(Pan Gye), Pak Ji Won(Yon Am), Pak Je Ga(Cho Jong). etc., showed much interest in Western medicine, but no writings by them about western medicine can be found. With the establishment of a treaty of amity with Japan in the 13th year of King Kojong(1876), followed by the succession of amity treaties with Western powers, foreigners including medical doctors were permitted to flow into this country. At that time, doctors Horace N. Allen, W.B. Scranton, John W. Heron, Rosetta Sherwood(Rosetta S. Hall), etc. came to Korea and inaugurated hospitals, where they taught Western medicine to Korean students. Dr. Horace N. Allen, with the permission of king Kojong, established Che Jung Won in April 1885, and in March 1886, he began at the hospital to provide education of Western medicine to Korean students who were recruited by the Korean Government. However, the education was not conducted on a regular basis, only training them for work as assistants. This is considered to be the pioneer case of Western medical education in this country. Before that time, Japanese medical doctors came to Korea, but there are no records showing they conducted medical education. There is a document showing that Chi Sok Yong, who not a medical doctor, accompanied a diplomatic mission to Japan in 1880, and returned with the technique of vaccination. As a Korean, he was the first to learn and introduce western medicine to this country.

Kyongsong Imperial University Medical College / 의사학

Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and with the promulgation of the Chosen Kyoyuk Ryong(the Korea Education Decree) in 1911, it began to conduct education for the Korean people. However, this was only a matter of formality and a policy for liquidating the spirit of the Korean people. It finally resulted in the uprising of March 1, 1919 of the Korean people that has a cultural tradition of a high level. This event served as a cause of widely spread censure among the Korean people as well as the people of the whole world. Even in Japan voice of criticism rose high. Such being the situation Japan amended the Korean educational law under the pretext of shifting to a so-called civil-rule policy. The Japanese authorities adopted the same educational system as was practiced in Japan proper, for primary and middle school education. As for higher education, they placed under a strict control the educational facilities already established by Korean people and foreign missionaries, suppressing even minor expansions of existing facilities. However, the movement by some Korean educators to establish a private university and efforts by some missionaries to integrate the existing educational organizations into a university made it inevitable for the Japanese authorities to set up a university of their own in Korea. Thus, they hurriedly established the Kyongsong Imperial University in which was included a medical college that was an indispensable organization for colonial education. They professed that the medical college was established for the purpose of providing equal opportunities and privileges to Korean and Japanese students, but, on the contrary, the operation of the college was done strictly under their colonial policy. The system of the Kyongsong Imperial University was enforced according to the Japanese Imperial University Law, and all the faculty members and the administratial officials were Japanese. As for Koreans, a few graduates of the university was named nonpaid deputy assistants, and graduates of other colleges were employed as nonpaid subdeputy assistants. In most cases, Koreans, finally handicapped compared with Japanese, could not continue their study and research. A few of them who could conduct continued study and research were placed under strict restraints ant accordingly, their opportunities to achieve academic and social promotion were quite limited. During the history of 20 years of the Kyongsong Imperial University Medical College Yun Il Son and Ko Yong Sun served as assistant professors for 13 months and three days respectively. In addition, there were 12 Koreans who worked as temporary assistants, the periods of their service varying from two days to 10 years. The rate of graduates for Koreans was less than 30% and the rate for Koreans who received a degree of doctor of medical science was only 25%. From 1940, the course of the medical college was shortened to three years and same months under the war-time system and with Japan's unconditional surrender to the Allied Forces on August 15, 1945, the entire faculty of the medical college was discharged by the U.S. Military Government on November 5, 1945.