ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the mortality and years of life lost (YLL) trends of cervical cancer in Tianjin,and provide references for the research and prevention programs of cervical cancer.Methods Mortality rate,standard mortality rate,cumulative rate (0-74 years-old) and truncated rate (35-64 years-old) of cervical cancer from 1999 to 2015 were calculated.The annual percentage change of the mortality rate and YLL rate were analyzed by using Joinpoint regression analysis,and the trend in different age-groups were analyzed.Results From 1999 to 2015,1 741 cases died of cervical cancer in Tianjin,the average crude mortality rate was 2.15/100 000.The average age-standardized rate of (ASR) China and ASR world were 1.47/100 000 and 1.50/100 000 respectively.The average YLL was 3 347.97 person-years.Deaths occurred in those aged 0-34 years,35-64 years and 65 years and over accounted for 3.10％,57.84％ and 39.06％ of the total,respectively.The mortality rate of cervical cancer in urban area was higher than that in rural area,with a ratio of 1.37 ∶ 1 between urban area and rural area.The age-specific mortality rate of cervical cancer during 1999-2015 increased with age.Two peaks of mortality rate were observed in those aged 50 years and aged 75 years,during 2014-2015.From 1999 to 2011,the mortality rate of cervical cancer was stable (APC =-0.2％,P=0.80),but there was a rapid increase from 2011 to 2015 (APC=21.6％,P＜0.01).But group aged 20-49 years,it showed an upward trend from 1999 to 2015 (APC=6.9％,P＜0.01).For group aged 50-69 years,it showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2007 (APC=-9.2％,P＜0.01),and an upward trend from 2007 to 2015 (APC=14.5％,P＜0.01).For group aged 70 years and over,it showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2009 (APC=-10.2％,P＜0.01),but the difference in the mortality were not significant from 2009 to 2015 (APC=7.8％,P=0.10).Since 2008,the YLL rate of cervical cancer in group aged 50-70 years had exceeded that in group aged ＞70 years and the gap gradually widened.Conclusions There had been a rapid increase trend of cervical cancer mortality since 2011 in Tianjin.Women aged 50-70 years were the main group of life loss.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the mortality and years of life lost (YLL) trends of cervical cancer in Tianjin,and provide references for the research and prevention programs of cervical cancer.Methods Mortality rate,standard mortality rate,cumulative rate (0-74 years-old) and truncated rate (35-64 years-old) of cervical cancer from 1999 to 2015 were calculated.The annual percentage change of the mortality rate and YLL rate were analyzed by using Joinpoint regression analysis,and the trend in different age-groups were analyzed.Results From 1999 to 2015,1 741 cases died of cervical cancer in Tianjin,the average crude mortality rate was 2.15/100 000.The average age-standardized rate of (ASR) China and ASR world were 1.47/100 000 and 1.50/100 000 respectively.The average YLL was 3 347.97 person-years.Deaths occurred in those aged 0-34 years,35-64 years and 65 years and over accounted for 3.10％,57.84％ and 39.06％ of the total,respectively.The mortality rate of cervical cancer in urban area was higher than that in rural area,with a ratio of 1.37 ∶ 1 between urban area and rural area.The age-specific mortality rate of cervical cancer during 1999-2015 increased with age.Two peaks of mortality rate were observed in those aged 50 years and aged 75 years,during 2014-2015.From 1999 to 2011,the mortality rate of cervical cancer was stable (APC =-0.2％,P=0.80),but there was a rapid increase from 2011 to 2015 (APC=21.6％,P＜0.01).But group aged 20-49 years,it showed an upward trend from 1999 to 2015 (APC=6.9％,P＜0.01).For group aged 50-69 years,it showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2007 (APC=-9.2％,P＜0.01),and an upward trend from 2007 to 2015 (APC=14.5％,P＜0.01).For group aged 70 years and over,it showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2009 (APC=-10.2％,P＜0.01),but the difference in the mortality were not significant from 2009 to 2015 (APC=7.8％,P=0.10).Since 2008,the YLL rate of cervical cancer in group aged 50-70 years had exceeded that in group aged ＞70 years and the gap gradually widened.Conclusions There had been a rapid increase trend of cervical cancer mortality since 2011 in Tianjin.Women aged 50-70 years were the main group of life loss.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture on endoplasmic reticulum stress in lung tissues of rats with acute lung injury (ALI) induced by endotoxin.Methods Forty healthy pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 8 weeks,weighing 180-210 g,were divided into 4 groups (n=10 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),ALI group,electroacupuncture group (group E),and electroacupuncture at non-acupoint group (group NE).Lipopolysaccharide 5 mg/kg (in 0.5 ml normal saline) was injected intravenously to establish the model of endotoxin-induced ALI.Bilateral 30 min electroacupuncture stimulation of Zusanli and Neiguan acupoints was performed with the dispersedense wave (frequency 2/15 Hz,wave length 0.2-0.6 ms,intensity 1-2 mA) once a day (time for stimulation 9:30-10:30) for 4 consecutive days before and during establishment of the model in group E.Electroacupuncture was performed with the same parameters at the points 0.5 cm lateral to the acupoints of Zusanli and Neiguan in group NE.At 6 h after lipopolysaccharide injection,the rats were sacrificed,and lungs were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of wet to dry weight ratio (W/D ratio),apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells and expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12 in lung tissues (by Western blot).The pathological changes of lungs were scored.Apoptosis index (AI) was calculated.Results Compared with group C,lung injury scores,W/D ratio and AI were significantly increased,and the expression of GRP78,CHOP and caspase-12 in lung tissues was up-regulated in the other three groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group ALI,lung injury scores,W/D ratio and AI were significantly decreased,and the expression of GRP78,CHOP and caspase-12 in lung tissues was down-regulated in group E (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the paramneters mentioned above in group NE (P＞0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which electroacupuncture attenuates endotoxin-induced ALI is related to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and reduction of apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells in rats.