ABSTRACT
Functional reconstruction of a major injured nerve or muscle group in a destructive limb caused by high energy has always been a big problem for trauma orthopedists.When no local tendon,muscle or nerve is available for transference,functional free muscle transplantation (FFMT) is an ideal functional reconstruction method for severe limb injury characterized by definite curative effect and quick recovery.Gracilis is considered to be an ideal donor site for FFMT because of its anatomic features of long tendon,good excursion,stable blood supply,long neurovascular pedicle,shaded donor site,little donor site loss and sufficient nourishment of the whole musculocutaneous flap by anastomosis of one single major pedicle.It has been widely applied in clinics.Transplantation of single free gracilis flap,double free gracilis flaps,and adductor longus-gracilis flap with single pedicle anastomosis can meet different clinical applications.The best donor motor nerve,which is critical to functional restoration of the affected limb using FFMT,is always a major concern to many scholars.This paper focuses on the advances in functioning free gracilis transplantation in reconstruction of limb motor function,applied anatomy of the gracilis and application of functional reconstruction for major nerve injury and major muscle group defects in a destructive limb,hoping to provide useful information for wider clinical application of FFMT.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>1-Bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (BCDMH) is a solid oxidizing biocide for water disinfection. The objective of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of BCDMH on zebrafish.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The developmental toxicity of BCDMH on zebrafish embryos and the dose-effect relationship was determined. The effect of BCDMH exposure on histopathology and tissue antioxidant activity of adult zebrafish were observed over time.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Exposure to 4 mg/L BCDMH post-fertilization was sufficient to induce a number of developmental malformations, such as edema, axial malformations, and reductions in heart rate and hatching rate. The no observable effects concentration of BCDMH on zebrafish embryo was 0.5 mg/L. After 96 h exposure, the 50% lethal concentration (95% confidence interval (CI)) of BCDMH on zebrafish embryo was 8.10 mg/L (6.15-11.16 mg/L). The 50% inhibitory concentration (95% CI) of BCDMH on hatching rate was 7.37 mg/L (6.33-8.35 mg/L). Histopathology showed two types of responses induced by BCDMH, defensive and compensatory. The extreme responses were marked hyperplasia of the gill epithelium with lamellar fusion and epidermal peeling. The histopathologic changes in the gills after 10 days exposure were accompanied by significantly higher catalase activity and lipid peroxidation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results have important implications for studies on the toxicity and use of BCDMH and its analogs.</p>