ABSTRACT
Type 1 diabetes(T1D)is and organ-specific autoimmune disease resulting from immune-mediated loss of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency and hypoglycemia.It is the most common form of diabetes in children, and its incidence is on the rise.The etiology of T1D is hypothesized to involve genetic and environmental factors that result in the T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells.The process usually progresses over a period of many months to years, during which period patients are asymptomatic and euglycemic, but positive for relevant autoantibodies.Symptomatic hyperglycemia and frank diabetes occurs after a long latency period, which reflects the large percentage of beta cells that need to be destroyed before overt diabetes become evident.We here will present genetic, enterovirus and gut microbiome factors that affect the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, which may help detect possible prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes in the future.