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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high incidence rate and mortality worldwide. However, most patients are not suitable for radical treatment at the time of first diagnosis. As one of the important schemes for the treatment of HCC, one of the most representative drug is Sorafenib, which has certain survival benefits for HCC patients at different stages. However, the drug resistance of HCC to Sorafenib greatly limits its efficacy. So far, people have found that some natural substances, experimental agents and biological macromolecules can reverse the drug resistance of HCC to Sorafenib through tumor cell microenvironment, metabolism and other mechanisms. This article will summarize the above substances and their mechanism in order to provide research ideas for the improvement of Sorafenib′s treatment program.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignant disease in the world and one of the main causes of cancer-related death. At present, the treatment of patients with advanced HCC is very limited, and as an important research direction of advanced cancer treatment in recent years, immunotherapy has achieved good results. Up to now, scholars have tested a variety of immunotherapy methods, and the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICIs) in the treatment of advanced cancer has made considerable progress. However, immunotherapy is still incurable for HCC, and the benefit of treatment is limited to a small number of patients. In the current context of liver cancer, one of the key research directions of oncology is to understand the biomarkers that predict the clinical response of immunotherapy, so as to improve patient selection, maximize clinical benefits and avoid unnecessary toxicity. Compared with tumor and surrounding tissue biomarkers, peripheral blood biomarkers play a unique role in clinical research and use because of their advantages of non-invasive detection. In this review, we summarize the peripheral blood biomarkers that play a key role in predicting the clinical response and prognosis of HCC patients.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the pathological types of primary liver cancer, and its prognosis is often not ideal. The prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma is not only closely related to tumor load and general physical status, but also closely related to liver reserve function. Albumin-bilirubin grading (ALBI) is a new model reflecting liver reserve function. In many therapeutic measures, such as surgical resection, liver transplantation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation and targeted therapy, its ability to predict the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma has been proved to be no less than that of Child-Pugh grade, which is widely used in clinic, and its predictive performance will be further improved when combined with other indexes.Therefore, it has great application value in clinical practice. This article mainly reviews the clinical application of ALBI grade in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and the progress of research results in recent years.
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Chronic inflammation and tumor occurrence and development, recurrence and metastasis and immune escape and other key links have a far-reaching impact. The level of inflammation and immunity can be reflected by the markers of inflammatory response, including C-reactive protein, neutrophils, platelets, lymphocytes and their combinations in the blood, such as neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio, systemic immune inflammation index and so on. At present, inflammatory index has been proved to be predictors of recurrence and survival in a variety of malignant tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as a common invasive tumor, is often diagnosed in the late course of the disease, so patients often can not achieve a satisfactory prognosis. This article mainly reviews the clinical application of the above inflammatory response indexes in HCC.
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Objective To explore the effect of supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) combined with early enteral nutrition (EN) for enhanced recovery in postoperative liver cancer patients.Methods From June 2015 to June 2018,liver cancer patients admitted to our hospital were randomly divided into two groups with 47 patients receiving SPN combined with early EN in the study group and 45 patients receiving early EN in the control group.Results There were no significant difference in bilirubin recovery,liver enzyme recovery,postoperative exhaust and defecation time and complication rate between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).In study group prealbumin (PAB) synthesis recovered faster (F =7.89,P =0.006),albumin use was significantly lower (t =-2.29,P =0.0024),and postoperative hospital stay was shorter (t =2.46,P =0.016).Conclusion In ERAS patients with liver cancer,the combination of SPN and early EN provide reasonable energy support to improve nutritional status and accelerate patient recovery.
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Objective To investigate the impact of blood glucose level on the recurrence of liver cancer after laparoscopic surgery. Methods The clinical data of 98 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma from January 2012 to January 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated by laparoscopic radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients were divided into elevated blood glucose group (n = 23) and control group (n = 75) according to whether the fasting blood glucose was ≥6.1 mmol/L. The recurrence of liver cancer in 1 year and 2 years after operation was compared. The factors influencing the recurrence of liver cancer were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results The recurrence rates were 47.82% and 21.33% respectively in the patients with elevated blood glucose and the control group. The recurrence rates were 73.91% and 36.00%respectively in the 2-year postoperative patients with blood glucose and 1 year and 2 years. The recurrence rate was higher than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Logistic multivariate analysis showed that fasting blood glucose was high, Child-Pugh grade B, intraoperative blood transfusion, lymphatic invasion, high clinical pathology stage, postoperative alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) high, no postoperative adjuvant therapy (P < 0.05). Conclusion The recurrence rate of patients with elevated liver cancer after laparoscopic surgery is high, and fasting blood glucose is high, Child-Pugh grade is B grade, blood transfusion is high, there is lymphatic invasion, high clinical pathology stage after AFP high, no postoperative adjuvant therapy for its postoperative recurrence of risk factors, should strengthen the monitoring of high-risk patients, reduce postoperative recurrence rate.
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Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A),which is ubiquitous in the eukaryote,is the unique protein containing the special lysine hypusine.There are evidences show that eIFSA is involved in the progress of translation,peptide elongation and peptide bond formation,and takes part in the occurrence and development of various human diseases.The activation of eIF5A is essential to its biological function.The active eIFSA is involved in the growth of plasmodium and contributes to tumor proliferation.And it can act as nuclear output protein to integrate special mRNA,and in this way the special mRNA can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm.Basing on these findings,the scientists pay more attention to eIF5A,and deem it as a direction to cure some related human diseases.
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Neurofibroma is an autosomal dominant genetic disease which is originated from the abnormal differentiation of neural crest cells and would cause system damage.NF can occur at most organs in the body,while it is rarely seen in the common bile duct.In February 2007,1 old patients with NF was admitted to the Lishui Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province.The results of preoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) revealed that the common bile duct was slightly dilated,and the diameter of the common bile duct was 1.2 cm.A nodular short T2 signal lesion was detected at the middle part of the common bile duct with the size of 1.4 cm × 1.6 cm.The results of intraoperative rapid frozen section pathological examination showed that the lesion was cholangiocarcinoma,then cholangiocarcinoma resection + biliojejunal Roux-en-Y anastomosis was applied to the patient.Postoperative pathological examination confirmed that the lesion was neurofibroma.The patient was followed up for 7 years and died of pulmonary infection in June 2014.The clinical presentation of neurofibroma of the common bile duct is untypical.Space-occupying lesions detected in the patients with history of bile duct injury or operation should be considered to be diagnosed as neurofibroma.Special attention should be paid to the accuracy of the results of rapid frozen section pathological examination in order to avoid missdiagnosis.
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Objective To study the diagnosis and treatment of synchronous gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor in 18 cases. Methods Clinical data of 18 cases of synchronous occurrence of gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor from January 1996 to December 2009 were analyzed retrospectively.Results Clinical features of all cases were atypical. There was 1 case diagnosed preoperatively, 3 cases diagnosed intraoperatively and 14 cases diagnosed postoperatively. The mean size of gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor was (3.3±2.3) cm and (0.9 ±0.5) cm respectively. There were 16 cases of gastric stromal tumor in low risk of malignance and 2 cases in moderate risk of malignance. All cases were operated without complications and the 1-year, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rate was 88.2%, 63.2% and 36. 1% respectively. Conclusions Clinical features of synchronous occurrence of gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor are atypical, in this series most gastric stromal tumors are in early stage and of low risk of malignance. The prognosis of patients with synchronous occurrence of gastric cancer and gastric stromal tumor mainly depends on gastric cancer.
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ObjectiveTo explore the expression of Glut1, HIF-1α and Ki-67 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their relationship between their expression and clinicopathological features.MethodsImmunohistochemical study (EnVision method) for Glut1, HIF-1a and Ki-67 were performed on tissue microarray which consisted of 171 cases of HCC, 55 cases of adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissues, and 22cases of normal liver tissues.ResultsThe expression rate of Glut1 ,HIF-1α and ki-67 in 171 cases of HCC was 15.2％, 19.9％ and 66.1％, respectively, which was much higher than that in the adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissues (1.8％ ,1.8％and 5.5％) and normal liver tissues(all negative).The expressions of Glut1 and HIF-1α were positively correlated with the differentiation degree of HCC and TNM stage(P ＜0.01, P ＜0.05).The expression of ki-67 was positively correlated with the differentiation degree of HCC.There was a significant positive correlation between the expressions of Glut1 and HIF-1α in HCC (r1 =0.553, P ＜0.05), the expressions of Glut1 and HIF-1α were positively correlated with ki-67(r2 =0.560,r3 =0.613, P ＜0.05).ConclusionsGlut1, HIF-1α and ki-67 may play a role in the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC in some degree.Combined detection of Glut1, HIF-1α and Ki-67 may be helpful to judge the degree of malignancy and potential metastasis and evaluate the prognosis.
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Objective To summarize the experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomhy(LC) in the treatment of acute cholecystitis in senile patients. Methods A retrospective review was made on 279 cases of LC in senile patients,involving 263 cases of acute calculous cholecystitis,8 cases of gallbladder adenoma,5 cases of polypoid gallbladder lesions,and 3 cases of acute cholecystitis with unknown causes.Out of the 279 cases,there were 25 cases of gallbladder hydrops accompanying stones impacted in the neck and 23 cases of atrophic cholecystitis. Results The success rate of LC was 87.5%(244/279),and LC was converted to open surgery in 35 cases.No serious complications or fatal cases happened. Conclusions For senile patients,acute cholecystitis is often complicated with other diseases,which increases peri-operative risks.To prevent and minimize the occurrence of complications,strict adherence to surgical indications,proper management of co-morbidities,and broadening indications of conversions to open surgery are all considered essential.
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Objective To explore the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic duct stones. MethodsClinical data of 29 cases of pancreatic duct stones were analyzed retrospectively. ResultsChronic pancreatitis was complicated in 21 cases, cholelithiasis in 12, pancreatic cancer in 2 . The correct diagnosis rate of ultrosonography, CT, ERCP and MRCP was 89.7%(26/29), 65.0%( 13/20 ),100%(6/6) and 100%(4/4) respectively. Six cases underwent EST,16 cases did transpancreatic duct lithotomy plus Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy, Three cases did sphincteroplasty, pancreaticoduodenectomy and exploratory laparotomy were performed in one each. ConclusionsChronic panreatitis cholelithiasis is the main causes of pancreatic duct stones. Imaging examinations help to make diagnosis preoperatively. Transpancreatic duct lithotomy plus Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy is the therapy of choices for patients with pancreatic duct stones.