Machado de Assis's own writings about his epilepsy: a brief clinical note

Machado de Assis's own writings about his epilepsy are here given. They come from his correspondence with his friend Mario de Alencar during the last 8 months of Machado de Assis's life. These are the only places where Machado de Assis dealt clearly with his epilepsy during his entire life

Uso e abuso de EEGs / Use and abuse of EEGs

Médicos no Brasil e também nos Estados Unidos adquirem, durante seus anos de treinamento, conhecimentos adequados sobre eletrocardiogramas, exames de raio X, tomografia computadorizada, ultra-sonografia e outros exames. Em geral, eles não obtêm informações semelhantes da natureza, uso e limitações de eletroencefalogramas (EEGs). Este artigo trata de algumas das falhas mais comuns de médicos não-especialistas em Neurologia e Psiquiatria: 1. EEGs não dão informações sobre as personalidades e os estados emocionais e intelectuais dos pacientes; 2. EEGs podem ser úteis na avaliação e tratamento de pacientes com dores de cabeça somente se o médico enfatiza que a maioria das cefaléias não está relacionada ao cérebro, mas tem as suas causas nas tensões das camadas musculares da cabeça e em outras estruturas não-cerebrais da cabeça; 3. EEGs são de muito valor no diagnóstico de ausências (epilepsia pequeno mal) mas para obter este valor o médico tem de entender bem a natureza deste tipo de convulsão; 4. EEGs têm utilidade no diagnóstico de epilepsia grande mal, mas eles possuem limitações neste campo; 5. EEGs são úteis no tratamento de pacientes com traumatismo craniano leve, mas neste caso eles também têm de ser utilizados nos contextos da situação total da vida do doente, e o significado do seu traumatismo craniano deverá ser explicado. O artigo trata ligeiramente de outros assuntos semelhantes

The concept of nemesis in psychoneurosis

A patient who has a nemesis fear as the basic process in his psychoneurosis feels that he is destined to repeat the life course of one of his parents to eventual long-term psychosis, or incapacitating physical illness or death by illness or accident. He feels that this will occur at about same age as that at which his parent suffered his misfortune. The patient during his childhood and adolescence had a traumatic relationship with this parent, and is haunted by guilt feelings about it, and fears that avenging destiny, or nemesis, requires that he pay with a similar misfortune for that which he feels he caused. Thse patients improve much in psychotherapy, but the underlying nemesis fear, though much reduced in severeity, is not entirely eliminated.

Obsessions of infanticide and imminent psychosis

In young mothers an obsession of infanticide, that is, fear that they may murder their children, may be coupled with an obsession of imminent psychosis, that is, fear that the first obsession is a sign of approaching insanity. Sixteen mothers with this clinical picture were evaluated in interviews. Seven of them entered psychotherapy and improved. The causative factors in childhood and adolescence wich led to the later development of these obsessive difficulties are analyzed. Even when psychotherapy was not possible, as was the case in nine patients, they should be strongly reassured and explanations should be given about the nature of the problem, for such encouragement and clarification helps them to improve to a significant extent. The prognosis of patients who have systematic psychoterapy is good.

Tentative interpretations in psychotherapy

A natureza e o método da interpretaçäo tentativa säo descritas. A sua utilidade e as suas vantagens säo esboçadas e o seu uso em psicoterapia é examinado