Phytochemical Characterization and Systemic Exposure of Bioactive Metabolites of the Aqueous Extracts of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae) on Albino Wistar Rats

Ficus thonningii (Blume) is considered as a herbal plant with well documented biological activity in the management of several diseases in the tropics. However, there is a gap of information on its safety and proof of efficacy in evidence-based medicine. The objective of this study was to characterize the bioactive metabolites of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Ficus. thonningii and in vivo evaluation of the systemic exposure of the bioactive metabolite. Phytochemical screening was done using standard extraction techniques, and test according to methods adopted from Sofowora and collaborators. Quantitative analysis was done using spectrophotometer of plant extract with different reference standards. Analysis of the animals' plasma following administration of the extract was used to investigate systemic exposure to confirmed the presence of absence of metabolites in systemic circulation. This work shows that F. thonningii (Blume) stem bark hydro-ethanolic extract contains polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, catechic tannins, gallic tannins, coumarins, quinones, phlobatannins. This study shows that the hydro-ethanolic extract of F. thonningii contains total phenolic content of 192,27 ± 3,40 mgEQ/MS g gallic acid and total flavonoid content of 103,59 ± 15,72 mgEQ/MS quercetin. This study shows that the secondary metabolites in the hydro-ethanolic extract of the stem bark of F. thonningii (Blume) were not detected in plasma and not bioavailable.

Opportunistic Infections and associated factors among HIV infected patients on anti-retroviral treatment at Bombo Hospital in Tanga Region, Tanzania

Background: A substantive number of People Living with HIV (PLHIV) develop Opportunistic Infections (OIs). The introduction of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) in Tanzania led to a significant decline in opportunistic infections and a slower progression to AIDS, but OIs are still prevalent. This study was set to determine the magnitude of OIs and associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) attending care and treatment clinic at Bombo Regional Referral hospital, Tanga region. Materials And Methods: A cross­sectional descriptive study was conducted on HIV/AIDS patients on ART attending Bombo Hospital in Tanga from July to October 2019. A non-probability, consecutive sampling technique was employed to obtain study participants. Data were collected using available data obtained from the patients' files, hospital record books and interviews of study participants by using semi-structured questionnaires. Data were entered into the computer using Excel 2013, cleaned and analysed using Epi Info version 7.2.2.6. Any p-value of < 0.05, at a 95% confidence interval was regarded as statistically significant. Results : The study showed that out of the 360 participants, 126 cases (35.0%) of OIs were reported. Pulmonary Tuberculosis had the highest prevalence of 18.0% among PLHIV while other opportunistic Infections altogether contributed 17.0%. Late ART initiation (OR=10.9, 95% CI: 6.5 ­ 18.3, p-value <0.001), Poor drug adherence (OR=19, 95% CI: 9.0 ­ 39.7, p-value <0.001), female gender (69% vs. 31%), which was however, not statistically significant (p-value ­ 0.904), Informal and Primary School education (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 ­ 1.6, p-value 0.04) being married (OR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.3 ­ 3.4, p ­ value 0.004) and widowed/widower (OR=7.7, 95% CI: 1.7 ­ 33.7, p ­ value 0.007) respectively were found to be associated with OIs to PLHIV.CONCLUSION : The rate of OIs still high among PLHIV, Pulmonary Tuberculosis is the leading disease with 18.0% of all OIs symptomatic patients. Delay in ART initiation after positive test results, poor drug adherence and moderate malnutrition have been identified as major risk factors affecting 66.0%, 70.0%, 71%of PLWHA with OIs. We recommend early initiation of ART, Education on ART adherence and refilling of large quantities of ARV drugs to individuals working far from their homes.

Impact of high-energy diets on the rumen environment and digital cushion in confined cattle / O impacto de dietas de alto valor energético sobre o ambiente ruminal e o tecido digital em bovinos confinados

This study aimed to identify gross and microscopic changes, caused by high-energy diets, in the rumen environment and hoof of confined beef cattle. The study sample comprised 40 confined heifers (Bos taurus) with no disease history divided into four experimental groups using different diets: Group 1 (D1, control), 48:52 forage:concentrate ratio; Group 2 (D2), 30:70 forage:concentrate ratio; Group 3 (D3), 30:70 forage:concentrate ratio + sucrose; Group 4 (D4), 100% concentrate. All animals underwent clinical examination, assessment of ruminal fluid pH and lameness, and sample collection after slaughter for histopathology of the hoof laminae and digital cushion and ruminal tissue. All dependent variables of the study were compared using the SPSS 20.0 statistical software. The variables that did not show normality (HR, RM, ST, and CRT) were compared with application of the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunnet's multiple comparison test. All other variables were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test. The different diets had an impact on the rumen environment (p<0.05) of the heifers assessed, with momentary general depression in the first 12 h after sucrose induction (D3), as well as mild clinical signs in D4. The animals in D3 and D4 presented lower motility (p<0.05) and ruminal pH (p<0.01) than those in D1. Of the 40 heifers, 27.5% (n=11) showed gross lesions in the epithelium of ruminal pillars, whereas 22.5% (n=9) of those in D3 and D4 presented these lesions. Sole corium thickness varied between heifers in D3 compared with those in D1 and D2 (p<0.05). Therefore, high-energy diets, as used in this study, alter some clinical parameters and the rumen environment, causing lesions in the rumen mucosa, and of lesser intensity, in the hoof corium and laminae, suggestive of laminitis.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas provocadas por dietas de alto valor energético no ambiente ruminal e casco de bovinos de corte (Bos taurus) em confinamento. Foram utilizadas 40 novilhas mantidas em confinamento, sendo divididas em 4 grupos experimentais: Grupo D1(controle) - 48% de volumoso e 52% de concentrado; Grupo D2 - 30% de volumoso e 70% de concentrado; Grupo D3 - 30% de volumoso e 70% de concentrado + sacarose; Grupo D4 - 100% de concentrado. Foi realizado exame clínico dos animais, avaliação do pH ruminal, da claudicação, além de coletas de amostras post-mortem para análises histopatológicas da região laminar do casco, coxim digital e do rúmen. Todas as variáveis dependentes do estudo foram comparadas por meio do software estatístico SPSS 20.0. As variáveis sem normalidade (FC, MR, Tc e TPC) foram comparadas pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis, seguido pelo teste de comparação múltipla de Dunnet. Todas demais foram submetidas a análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey. Foi observado impacto das distintas dietas ao ambiente ruminal (p<0,05). Os grupos D3 e D4 exibiram menor motilidade (p<0,05) e pH ruminal (p<0,01). 27,5% (n=11) dos animais tiveram registros macroscópicos de lesões no epitélio dos pilares ruminais enquanto que os submetidos às dietas 3 e 4 foi observada ocorrência de 22,5% (n=9) de lesões macroscópicas no rúmen. As espessuras do córium solear variaram entre os grupos que receberam a indução de sacarose em relação ao grupo controle e novilhas alimentadas com a dieta 2 (p<0,05). Sendo assim dietas com elevada densidade energética, na condição em que foi empregada, alteraram alguns parâmetros clínicos e o ambiente ruminal, provocando lesões na mucosa do rúmen e de pouca intensidade no córium e tecido laminar, sugestiva de laminite.(AU)

A method for the assessment of facial hedonic reactions in newborns / Método para a avaliação de reações faciais hedônicas em recém-nascidos

Abstract Objective: This study describes a quantitative and qualitative methodology to assess hedonic responses to sweet stimulus in healthy newborns. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study, with healthy newborns (up to 24 h of life), between 37 and 42 gestational weeks, vaginally born and breastfed previously to all tests. The evaluation of the newborns reactions was performed by hedonic facial expression analysis, characterized by facial expressions with rhythmic serial tongue protrusion after neutral or sweet solution intake. Initially, 1 mL of water solution was provided to the newborn, followed by a 1-minute recording. Afterwards, the same amount of 25% sucrose solution was provided, performing a second recording. The concordance between researchers was analyzed by the Bland-Altman statistical method. Results: A total of 100 newborns (n = 49 males, n = 51 females; mean lifetime = 15 h 12 min ± 6 h 29 min) were recorded for neutral and sucrose solution intake, totaling 197 videos (n = 3 missing in the water treatment). These videos were double-blind analyzed and the test revealed a 90% concordance between the two trained researchers, in relation to both solutions. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.99 for both solutions, with a significant increase in frequency of hedonic expressions evoked by sucrose solution intake. Conclusions: These results confirm that the proposed method has an efficient power to detect significant differences between neutral and sucrose stimuli. In conclusion, this evaluation method of hedonic facial reactions in newborns reflects the response to a specific taste.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever quantitativamente e qualitativamente uma metodologia para avaliar as respostas faciais hedônicas, em recém-nascidos saudáveis, ao estímulo doce. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal e observacional, com recém-nascidos saudáveis (com até 24 horas de vida), entre 37-42 semanas gestacionais, nascidos por parto vaginal e alimentados previamente aos testes. A avaliação das reações hedônicas dos recémnascidos foi considerada pelas expressões faciais com séries rítmicas de protrusões de língua após a ingestão de solução neutra ou doce. Inicialmente, 1 mL de solução neutra (água) foi fornecida para o recém-nascido, seguido de uma filmagem de 1 minuto. Sequencialmente, a mesma quantidade de solução de sacarose 25% foi fornecida, realizando-se uma segunda gravação. A concordância entre os pesquisadores foi analisada pelo método estatístico de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Um total de 100 recém-nascidos (n = 49 do sexo masculino, n = 51 do sexo feminino, tempo de vida média = 15 h 12 min ± 6 h 29 min) foram registrados para a ingestão de solução neutra e de sacarose, totalizando 197 vídeos (n = 3 perdas para o tratamento água). Estes vídeos foram analisados em duplo-cego e o teste revelou uma concordância de 90%, para ambas as soluções, entre os pesquisadores treinados. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi de 0,99 para as duas substâncias, com um aumento significativo nas frequências das expressões faciais hedônicas evocadas pela ingestão de sacarose. Conclusões: Estes resultados confirmam que o método proposto possui poder estatístico eficiente para detectar diferenças entre estímulos neutros e sacarose. Em conclusão, este método de avaliação de reações faciais hedônicas em recém-nascidos reflete a resposta para um gosto específico.

Corrigendum: Primary Purulent Pericarditis with Cardiac Tamponade due to Oropharyngeal Polymicrobial Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review

There was an error in name of author. Mukul Bhatarai is replaced with Mukul Bhattarai.

Primary Purulent Pericarditis with Cardiac Tamponade due to Oropharyngeal Polymicrobial Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review

Cardiac tamponade due to purulent pericarditis with a characteristic greenish fluid is rare in this antibiotic era. It is highly fatal despite early diagnosis and advanced treatment. Gram-positive cocci are the leading cause of purulent pericarditis, which usually results from a direct or hematogenous spread of organisms to the pericardium from the primary foci of infection. We describe an index case of rapidly developing pericardial tamponade caused by oropharyngeal polymicrobial infection in the absence of a primary source of infection in a 62-year-old man, who was successfully managed with emergency large-volume pericardiocentesis followed by pericardiectomy.

Simulating the Impact of Drought on California’s Central Valley Hydrology Groundwater and Cropping.

This paper describes an efficient methodology to link a comprehensive, distributed hydrologic model for California’s Central Valley to a crop production model. The resulting hydro-economic model allows for the dynamic calculation of crop acreages in response to water availability without simplifying groundwater or stream flow dynamics by the assumption of linearity or by resorting to a lumped-parameter approach. The linked hydro-economic model is used to simulate the effects of several drought scenarios on Central Valley’s agriculture and the groundwater resources. The drought scenarios are constructed as surface flow reductions that range from 30% to 70% for periods spanning from 10 to 60 years, with a 10-year spin-up and a 30-year recovery. The main finding is that Central Valley agriculture as a whole is resilient to severe

Moraxella bovoculi em casos de ceratoconjuntivite infecciosa bovina no Rio Grande do Sul / Moraxella bovoculi in cases of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A ceratoconjuntivite infecciosa (CI), embora raramente fatal, resulta em perdas econômicas significativas para os rebanhos bovinos e ovinos. Os principais agentes causadores dessa enfermidade são Moraxella bovis e Moraxella ovis. Em 2007 foi descrita uma nova espécie também responsável pela CI e denominada Moraxella bovoculi, que até o presente momento, não havia sido relatada no Brasil. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar e distinguir 54 isolados de Moraxella spp. de amostras clínicas oriundas de 34 bovinos e 17 ovinos, encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Bacteriologia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria no período de 1990 a 2011, visando a identificação de M. bovoculi. A distinção dos isolados foi fundamentada nas características genotípicas, pela amplificação parcial da região intergênica 16S-23S e clivagem dos produtos da amplificação com enzima RsaI. Como resultados, 25 (46%) isolados foram caracterizados como M. bovis, 17 (32%) como M. ovis e 12 (22%) como M. bovoculi. Logo, conclui-se que M. bovoculi encontra-se presente no rebanho bovino do Rio Grande do Sul e, portanto, no Brasil.

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IK), although rarely fatal, results in significant economic losses for cattle and sheep farmers. The main causative agents of this disorder are Moraxella bovis and Moraxella ovis. In 2007, a new species also responsible for IK was described. This newly described pathogen, called Moraxella bovoculi, was never reported in Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this study was confirmed the M. bovoculi among the samples analyzed. For this, 54 isolates of Moraxella spp. from clinical samples derived from 34 cattle and 18 sheep, sent to the laboratory of bacteriology from 1991 to 2011 was characterized. Differentiation among the species was based on genotypic characteristics, using partial amplification of 16S-23S intergenic region and cleavage products of amplification with enzyme RsaI. Results showed that 25 isolates (46%) were characterized as M. bovis, 17 (32%) as M. ovis, and 12 (22%) as M. bovoculi. This means that M. bovoculi is present among cattle herds in Rio Grande do Sul and, therefore, in Brazil.

Polinizadores de Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidales: Lecythidaceae): interações com abelhas sem ferrão (Apidae: Meliponini) e nicho trófico / Pollinators of Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidales: Lecythidaceae): interactions with stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) and trophic niche

This paper presents an analysis of the foraging behavior and interactions of Xylocopa frontalis Olivier (Apidae: Xylocopini) and Eulaema mocsaryi (Friese) (Apidae: Euglossini) in the presence of stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) in flowers of Bertholletia excelsa, the Brazilian nut. The palynological load carried by both species was also examined. This study was conducted in the farm Aruanã, Itacoatiara/ Amazonas state, Brazil, during the flowering peak of B. excelsa. The visitation by the main pollinators X. frontalis and E. mocsaryi were influenced by the presence and activities of stingless bees in the flowers of B. excelsa. Meliponini bees did not have any effect on the visits and collection of floral resources by X. frontalis, while negatively affecting the number of visits by E. mocsaryi. The stingless bees presented a variety of strategies to get access to pollen grains of B. excelsa, grouped into two categories: opportunism -Frieseomelitta trichocerata Moure, Tetragona goettei (Friese), and Tetragona kaieteurensis (Schwarz), and stealing -Trigona branneri Cockerell, Trigona fuscipennis Friese, and Trigona guianae Cockerell. The palynological analysis from X. frontalis showed that the bee collected pollen in a few species of plants, but mainly on B. excelsa. The pollen grains of B. excelsa were poorly represented in the pollen shipments of E. mocsaryi, due to its large trophic niche in the locality.

Cutaneous Curvularia infection in a neutropenic patient

Background: Cutaneous Curvularia is a rare fungal infection which presents itself as erythematous, non-tender, non-pruritic, ulcerative lesions. To the best of our knowledge, only a few cases reported in the literature have occurred in immunocompromised and/or neutropenic patients, none of which have been published within the past five years.Objective: We report the case of a 53-year-old man diagnosed with diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and associated neutropenia who developed several erythematous macular lesions with central excoriations and crusting on his bilateral anterior tibiae, and whose fungal culture was positive for Curvularia sp.

Serial MR imaging of small arterially-enhancing liver lesions in patients with chronic liver disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the significance of small arterially-enhancing liver lesions seen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with chronic liver disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Our institutional review board approved this retrospective study, without requiring informed consent. Over a two-year period, 258 consecutive patients with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis underwent multiphase three-dimensional, gadolinium-enhanced, breath-hold gradient-echo MRI. From this group, 29 patients underwent at least one follow-up MR study. When a small (< or = 20 mm) arterially-enhancing lesion was detected, the maximum diameter shape, signal intensities (T1-weighted and T2-weighted), and pattern of enhancement were evaluated to assess the associations between the imaging appearance on initial MR exam and subsequent behavior on follow-up imaging. Statistical testing was performed with JMP Statistical Software (SAS, Inc., Cary, NC) and StatXact 7 Statistical Software for Exact Nonparmetric Inference (Cytel, Inc., Cambride, MA). RESULTS: Sixty-five small (< or = 20 mm) arterially-enhancing lesions were detected in 29 patients. Ten of 65 lesions (15%) in nine patients were subsequently proven to represent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while the remaining lesions either disappeared (46) or remained stable in size (9). Of the 10 lesions subsequently proven to represent HCC, eight lesions converted from hypo- or isointense to hyperintense on subsequent T2-weighted MRI (p < 0.001), seven lesions converted from hyper- or isointense to hypointense on subsequent T1-weighted images (p < 0.001), seven lesions demonstrated growth on subsequent MRI exam (mean increase in mean diameter = 1.4 cm), and five lesions subsequently developed rim enhancement that was not initially present. CONCLUSION: Small, arterially-enhancing lesions detected with MRI have a low likelihood of representing HCC, and MRI follow-up of such lesions is a reasonable approach. Lesions that increase in size, convert to hypointense on subsequent T1W images, convert to hyperintense in T2W images, or develop rim enhancement on follow-up MRI images are concerning and should prompt consideration of intervention.

Guillain-Barre syndrome following cardiac surgery. Difficult diagnosis in the intensive care unit

Weakness of limb and respiratory muscles developing in the course of treatment in the intensive care unit [ICU] is commonly due to critical illness polyneuropahty, a complication of sepsis, or critical illness myopathy, a complication of the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and steroids. Guillain-Barre syndrome may rarely occur in this setting. WE report 2 patients identified in our ICU in the last 20 years. Surgery was an apparent precipitating event in both patients. The clinical, electrophysiological, and cerebrospinal fluid features were consistent with this diagnosis. Both patients responded to treatment; the first case was treated with plasmapheresis while the other with intravenous immune globulin. Thus, while rare, it is important to identify this disorder in the ICU because of its response of specific treatment

Trypanosoma vivax infection dynamics in a cattle herd maintained in a transition area between Pantanal lowlands and highlands of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Trypanosoma vivax outbreaks in beef cattle in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, causes relevant economical impact due to weight loss, abortion and mortality. Cattle moved from the Pantanal to adjacent areas of this ecosystem for breeding and fattening is a common feature. Therefore an epidemiological study on breeding cows in the transition area between Pantanal lowland and adjacent highlands of Mato Grosso do Sul was performed to determine the T. vivax infection dynamics and outbreak risk. Three experimental groups were formed: Group 1 consisted of cows parasitologically negative by the Woo test and in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for T. vivax antibody detection (Tv-ELISA-Ab); Group 2 parasitologically negative and positive in the Tv-ELISA-Ab; and in Group 3 cows were parasitologically positive and with positive reactions in the Tv-ELISA-Ab. During 24 months, the cows' dislodgment between the above established groups was monitored by Woo test and Tv-ELISA-Ab exams. The tabanid population was also monitored and the highest number occurred during the rainy season. Although parasitemias were detected only in the first four samplings of the experimental period, the cows could be considered as trypanotolerant, because no clinical signs were observed. Despite the higher T. vivax incidence during the dry season, no disease symptoms were seen. Even though T. vivax epidemiological situation in the herd was characterized as endemic with seasonal variation, the probability of outbreaks was null within the conditions of the study.

Surtos de Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos de corte do Pantanal foram responsáveis por relevante impacto econômico, devido a perda de peso, abortos e mortalidade. Um manejo comum é o deslocamento de bovinos do Pantanal baixo para áreas adjacentes desse ecosistema para reprodução e engorda. Por essa razão, foi efetuado um estudo epidemiológico em rebanho de vacas movidas para uma área de transição entre Pantanal baixo e planalto do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul para determinar a dinâmica de infecção do T. vivax e o risco de surto. Três grupos experimentais foram formados: Grupo 1; composto por vacas parasitologicamente negativas no teste de Woo e no exame sorológico de imunoadsorção enzimática para detecção de anticorpos contra T. vivax (Tv-ELISA-Ab); Grupo 2, vacas negativas parasitológicamente e com reação positiva no Tv-ELISA-Ab; e no Grupo 3, positivas parasitologicamente e no Tv-ELISA-Ab. Durante 24 meses o deslocamento das vacas entre esses grupos experimentais foi determinado pelo monitoramento mensal realizado pelo teste de Woo e Tv-ELISA-Ab. Durante esse período a população de tabanídeos na área experimental foi determinada e as maiores populações ocorreram no período das chuvas. Parasitemias de T. vivax foram detectadas apenas nas quatro primeiras amostragens do período experimental, apesar da elevação de incidência determinada sorológicamente tenha ocorrido no período seco do ano. Portanto, T. vivax foi endêmico no rebanho e a ausência de manifestação clínica sugere que os bovinos sejam tripanotolerantes e o risco de surto seja nulo nas condições em que o experimento foi executado, pois a manifestação clínica da doença esta associada à presença de parasitemia.

Identificaçäo do vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina tipo 2 (BVDV-2) no Sul do Brasil / Identification of bovine virus diarrhea virus type-2(BVDV-2) in Southern Brazil

Amostras do vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV), denominadas de BVDV tipo 2 (BVDV-2), foram inicialmente identificadas em surtos de BVD aguda e enfermidade hemorrágica e têm sido isoladas predominantemente na América do Norte. O presente artigo descreve dois casos de enfermidade gastroentérica/respiratória seguidos de isolamento e identificaçäo de amostras de BVDV tipo 2 no sul do Brasil. Os vírus foram isolados de duas novilhas de diferentes rebanhos. Um dos animais apresentou enfermidade aguda, cursando com anorexia, atonia ruminal, diarréia escura ou muco-sanguinolenta, tenesmo e descarga nasal muco-purulenta. O outro animal desenvolveu enfermidade de longa duraçäo (7 meses), caracterizada por crescimento retardado, anorexia, quadros recorrentes de diarréia, dermatite interdigital, hemorragias digestivas e genitais ocasionais, conjuntivite, artrite e pneumonia crônica. Congestäo disseminada das mucosas, ulcerações extensivas e profundas na língua, palato e esôfago, áreas necróticas na mucosa do rúmen, áreas de congestäo e ulcerações cobertas com fibrina no intestino delgado foram os achados mais proeminentes. Antígenos do BVDV foram demonstrados por imunohistoquí-mica no epitélio da língua, nos pulmões e em linfonodos mesentéricos. Amostras näo-citopáticas do BVDV foram isoladas em cultivo celular a partir de leucócitos e do baço dos animais afetados e identificadas por imunofluorescência. Caracterizaçäo antigênica e análise filogenética desses isolados, e de outras duas amostras de BVDV isoladas de fetos coletados em matadouros, revelou tratar-se de BVDV tipo 2. A presença do BVDV tipo 2 na populaçäo bovina do Brasil possui um significado epidemiológico importante e pode ter conseqüências para o diagnóstico, estratégias de imunizaçäo e produçäo de vacinas(au)

Desmosome and intermediate filament assembly during differentiation and stratification of epithelial cells.

In the present investigation the sequential expression and organization of keratin intermediate filament proteins were studied in the developing rat palatal epithelia starting from early gestation period to the adult. The distribution and organization of keratin proteins were correlated with the formation and elaboration of desmosornes during differentiation and stratification of the epithelia.