Morphological And Morphometric Study Of Dry Scaphoid Bone In The North Indian Population

Background: A review of the relevant literature showed that previous descriptions of scaphoid were not detailedenough to match our present clinical knowledge or the requirements of modern imaging especially in the NorthIndian population. With this in mind a study was conducted on 50 dry cadaveric scaphoids of North Indianorigin.Material and Methods: The study was performed on 50 dry human scaphoid bones of the North Indian population.Various morphological and morphometric parameters were observed and measured using vernier callipers, anon-stretchable thread, centimetre scales and a protractor.Results: All the morphological parameters studied were present in all the 50 bones except the sulcus for flexorcarpi radialis that was absent in 12 and the ridge for the scapho-capitate interosseous ligament that was absentin 13 bones. The tubercle was conical in 36, pyramidal in 13 and round in the remaining 1 bone. The maximallength of scaphoid and the thickness of waist were significantly higher on the right side. 30 bones had equallydeveloped, 10 bones had under developed proximal while the remaining 10 bones had under developed distalpole. The average value of anteroposterior intra scaphoid angle of 50 scaphoid was found to be 39.20+6.420.Clinical significance: The data obtained in the present study will be helpful for the hand surgeons, radiologists,morphologists and clinical anatomists

Formation and Branching Pattern of Cords of Brachial Plexus- A Cadaveric Study In North Indian Population.

BACKGROUND: The anatomical variations in the different parts of brachial plexus in human have been described by many authors. These variations have clinical significance for the surgeons, radiologists and the anatomists. A lot of work has been done on the morphology of branching pattern of the different cords of brachial plexus but almost all the workers are silent about their morphometry. That’s why this study is planned on morphology & morphometry of branching pattern of different cords of brachial plexus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was conducted on 60 upper limbs belonging to 30 cadavers (Male:Female = 28:02), (Right:Left = 30:30) obtained from Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. These were dissected to expose the different components of brachial plexus. OBSERVATIONS: Out of 60 limbs, the lateral and the medial cords were formed in the usual way in 56 limbs, while the posterior cord was normal in 57 limbs. The average lengths of lateral, medial & posterior cords were 3.37 cm, 4.05 cm & 1.95 cm respectively. The branches of lateral cord depicted more variations in the form of origin as compared with those of medial & posterior cords. The distance of different branches of all the cords from the point of origin to parent cord varied between the two sides of same cadaver as well as on the same side of different cadavers. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION: The present study on the adult human cadavers is an essential prerequisite for the initial built up of the data base at the grass root level. The anatomy has always provided a bedrock for the sound surgical endeavors. It definitely has an upper edge to widely and indiscriminately used radiological and sophisticated CT and MRI observations which carry a margin of error inherent to any diagnostic procedure because no doubt the machines are a good bet but the eyes see the best.

Communication Between Musculocutaneous and Median Nerve – Different Types and Their Incidence in North Indian Population.

The variations of the median nerve and the musculocutaneous nerve, like the communication between the two, may prove valuable in the traumatology of the shoulder joint and the upper arm region and in situations when the surgeon has to isolate and trace the median and musculocutaneous nerve distally. The present study was conducted on 60 upper limbs belonging to 30 cadavers (Male:Female = 28:02), (Right:Left = 30:30) obtained from Dept. of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab. Brachial plexuses were exposed as per standard guidelines. The observations recorded were as follows: 1). The musculocutaneous nerve was absent in six (10%) limbs; the muscles usually supplied by this being supplied by median nerve in two limbs and by lateral cord (coracobrachialis) and median nerve (biceps and brachialis) in the other four limbs. 2). A single communication between the musculocutaneous and the median nerve was encountered in the six (10%) limbs. It was in the upper third of the upper arm, proximal to the entrance of the musculocutaneous nerve into the coracobrachialis muscle. 3.) A complete fusion of the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve after normal formation of the former was seen in four (6.66%) limbs. Out of these four limbs; in 1 limb, coracobrachialis; in 2 limbs, coracobrachialis and biceps and in one limb all three muscles of the anterior compartment were supplied by musculocutaneous nerve before its fusion with the median nerve.

Communicating ramus from lateral root of Median nerve to Ulnar nerve and fusion of Musculocutaneous nerve & Median nerve-a conjunction or co-incidence.

Background: The brachial plexus has a complex anatomical structure since its origin in the neck throughout its course in the axillary region. It also has close relationship to important anatomic structures what makes it an easy target of a sort of variations and provides its clinical and surgical importance. The presence of communicating branches between the terminal branches of the brachial plexus are relatively common & reported by many of the authors but very few studies are there in literature about communicating branch from the lateral root of the median nerve to the ulnar nerve. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 60 upper limbs belonging to 30 cadavers ( Male:Female = 28:02 ), ( Right:Left = 30:30 ) obtained from Department of Anatomy. Observations: Communicating branch from the lateral root of the median nerve to the ulnar nerve was seen in 2 limbs (3.33%). These limbs also depicted fusion of musculocutaneous & median nerves. Discussion & Conclusion: Whether this is a conjunction or just a co-incidence, remains to be verified on a larger database. However the existence of communicating branches may be of importance in the evaluation of unexplained sensory loss after trauma or surgical intervention in a particular area. Further ontogeny & phylogeny of the variant patterns are discussed.