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Abstract Background: Fertility and health traits, other than production traits, have a major role in the profitability of dairy cattle. Therefore, it seems necessary to include the afore mentioned traits in breeding programs. Hence, genetic parameters are needed to establish breeding plans. Objective: To estimate heritabilities as well as genetic and environmental relationships among total milk yield (TMY), persistency of milk yield (PMY), mean somatic cell count (SCC), mean loge somatic cell count (LnSCC), standard deviation of somatic cell count (stdSCC), and calving interval (CI) using two-trait and multi-trait analyses in Iranian Holstein. Methods: The dataset consisted of 25,883 first lactation records collected from 2002 to 2007 in 97 Holstein dairy herds in Iran. Four criteria of persistency of milk yield (PMY) were calculated using the Wood's gamma function. The WOMBAT1.0 software was used to estimate the (co)variance components using the Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood algorithm. Results: Total milk yield (TMY) resulted in the highest heritability estimate (0.29). Heritability estimates for different criteria of persistency of milk yield (PMY) ranged from 0.05 to 0.10. The unfavorable genetic correlation between TMY and calving interval (CI) was 0.71, while that of PMY with CI was 0.46. The estimated environmental correlations were lower than the genetic correlations for all traits, but the trends were generally similar. Conclusion: The results indicate that including PMY in the breeding goals could increase TMY and CI, and decrease somatic cell count (SCC).
Resumen Antecedentes: Las características de fertilidad y salud, además de las de producción, tienen un papel importante en la rentabilidad de los hatos lecheros. Por lo tanto, parece necesario incluir los rasgos mencionados en los sistemas de mejoramiento. Por ende, los parámetros genéticos son necesarios para establecer planes de cría. Objetivo: Estimar la heredabilidad, así como las relaciones genéticas y ambientales entre el rendimiento total de leche (TMY), la persistencia del rendimiento lechero (PMY), el recuento medio de células somáticas (SCC), el recuento de células somáticas de loge promedio (LnSCC), la desviación estándar del recuento de células somáticas (stdSCC) y el intervalo de partos (CI) en vacas Holstein mediante análisis de dos rasgos y análisis múltiples. Métodos: Se analizaron registros de primera lactancia de 25.883 vacas Holstein, recolectados entre 2002 y 2007 en 97 rebaños lecheros de Irán. Se calcularon cuatro criterios de persistencia del rendimiento lácteo utilizando la función gamma de Wood. El software Wombat1.0 se utilizó para estimar los componentes de (co)varianza que emplean el algoritmo de máxima verosimilitud restringida de información promedio. Resultados: El rendimiento de leche (TMY) obtuvo la mayor heredabilidad estimada (0,29). Las estimaciones de heredabilidad para diferentes criterios de persistencia del rendimiento de la leche variaron de 0,05 a 0,10. La correlación genética desfavorable entre TMY e intervalo entre partos fue 0,71, mientras que la de PMY con el CI fue de 0,46. Las correlaciones ambientales estimadas fueron inferiores a las correlaciones genéticas para todos los rasgos, pero las tendencias fueron, en general, similares. Conclusión: Incluir el PMY en la meta de cría podría aumentar el TMY y CI, además de disminuir el recuento de células somáticas (SCC).
Resumo Antecedentes: As características de fertilidade e saúde, além das características de produção, têmum papel importante narentabilidade das vacas leiteiras. Por isso, parece necessário incluir as características já mencionadas nos sistemas de melhoramento genético. Assim, são necessários parâmetros genéticos para estabelecer planos de melhoramento genético. Objetivo: Estimar herdabilidade, bem como as relações genéticas e ambientais entre a produção total de leite (TMY), persistância da produção de leite (PMY), contagem médiade células somáticas (SCC), contagem média de células somáticas loge (LnSCC), desviopadrao da contagem média de células somáticas (stdSCC) e intervalo de pertosem (CI) vacas Holstein por duas análises de características e traços multiplos. Métodos: O conjunto de dados consistiuem registros de 25.883 vacas Holstein de primeira lactação coletadas de 2002 a 2007 em 97 rebanhos leiteiros em Iran. Foram calculados quatrocritérios de persistência da produção de leite utilizando a função gama de Wood. O software Wombat1.0 foi usado para estimar os componentes de (co)variância que empregam o algoritmo de máxima verossimilhança com informações restritas. Resultados: A maior herdabilidade (0,29) foi estimada para produção de leite. As estimativas de herdabilidade para diferentes critérios de persisténcia da produção de leite variaram 0,05 a 0,10. A correlação genética desfavorável entre o intervalo TMY eo intervalo de parto foi de 0,71 enquanto que a de PMY com CI foi de 0,46. As correlações ambientais estimadas foram inferiores às correlações genéticas para todos os traços, mas as tendencias foram geralmente semelhantes. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram que a inclusão de PMY na meta de reprodução poderia aumentar TMY e CI, no entanto, diminuir a contagem de células somáticas.
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OBJECTIVES@#Access to dental healthcare services is a major determinant of dental health in communities. This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the global prevalence of dental needs and of unmet dental needs in adolescents.@*METHODS@#PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched in June 2018. The summary measures included the prevalence of met and unmet dental needs. A meta-analysis was performed using the inverse variance method to obtain pooled summary measures. Out of 41,661 retrieved articles, 57 were ultimately included.@*RESULTS@#The pooled prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs was 46.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38.0 to 53.0), that of general treatment needs was 59.0% (95% CI, 42.0 to 75.0), that of periodontal treatment needs was 71.0% (95% CI, 46.0 to 96.0), and that of malocclusion treatment needs was 39.0% (95% CI, 28.0 to 50.0). The pooled prevalence of unmet dental needs was 34.0% (95% CI, 27.0 to 40.0).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The highest and lowest prevalence of unmet dental needs were found in Southeast Asia and Europe, respectively. The prevalence of dental needs was higher in the countries of the Americas and Europe than in other World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The prevalence of unmet dental needs was higher in Southeast Asia and Africa than in other WHO regions.
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OBJECTIVE: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems for women, especially during their reproductive age. Various studies have examined the effects of vitamins D and E and ginger supplements. This study aimed to investigate the individual effects of each of these supplements on dysmenorrhea. METHODS: This single-blind clinical trial was conducted in 2016 on students aged 18 to 25 years who complained of mild to severe dysmenorrhea. The participants were randomly assigned into 4 groups: vitamin D, vitamin E, ginger, and placebo. The effects of the supplements on the severity of dysmenorrhea were evaluated in 2 successive cycles using the visual analog scale (VAS) and a questionnaire. RESULTS: Initially, 240 female students were enrolled in the study; thereafter, 40 students were excluded from the study owing to follow-up loss. The average VAS score for dysmenorrhea in the entire study population was 7.13±0.80 before the intervention; the mean VAS score after the first and second months of supplement use was 5.37±1.51 and 4.93±1.48, respectively. The highest reduction in pain severity was observed in the ginger group (F=74.54, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D, vitamin E, and ginger significantly reduced the severity of dysmenorrhea, with ginger having the most significant effect followed by vitamin D and vitamin E. Given the low risk of these supplements, more studies must be conducted on their use as opposed to analgesics.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Analgesics , Dysmenorrhea , Follow-Up Studies , Zingiber officinale , Menstrual Cycle , Visual Analog Scale , Vitamin D , Vitamin E , VitaminsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Access to dental healthcare services is a major determinant of dental health in communities. This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the global prevalence of dental needs and of unmet dental needs in adolescents.METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched in June 2018. The summary measures included the prevalence of met and unmet dental needs. A meta-analysis was performed using the inverse variance method to obtain pooled summary measures. Out of 41,661 retrieved articles, 57 were ultimately included.RESULTS: The pooled prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs was 46.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38.0 to 53.0), that of general treatment needs was 59.0% (95% CI, 42.0 to 75.0), that of periodontal treatment needs was 71.0% (95% CI, 46.0 to 96.0), and that of malocclusion treatment needs was 39.0% (95% CI, 28.0 to 50.0). The pooled prevalence of unmet dental needs was 34.0% (95% CI, 27.0 to 40.0).CONCLUSIONS: The highest and lowest prevalence of unmet dental needs were found in Southeast Asia and Europe, respectively. The prevalence of dental needs was higher in the countries of the Americas and Europe than in other World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The prevalence of unmet dental needs was higher in Southeast Asia and Africa than in other WHO regions.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Humans , Africa , Americas , Asia, Southeastern , Delivery of Health Care , Dental Health Services , Europe , Malocclusion , Methods , Prevalence , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Background: environmental stresses and biotic and abiotic elicitors induce secondary metabolites biosynthesis and hypersensitive response in plants through activation of defense mechanisms
Objective: this study was carried out with the aim of assessing the effects of different drought stress and multi-walled carbon nanotube [MWCNT] levels on physiological variations, flavonoid and phenolic contents, and antioxidant capacity of Salvia mirzayanii
Methods: this study was arranged in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design under research greenhouse of medicinal plants department at Arak University. The first factor was considered as drought stress in 4 levels [25, 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity], and the second factor was designated as foliar spray of MWCNT [functionalized and non- functionalized] at 4 different concentrations [0, 50 and 200 mg/L]
Results: results showed that drought stress and MWCNT and their interactions significantly affected some studied traits. Leaf relative water content [P<0.01] and chlorophyll index [P<0.05] was significantly changed under drought stress treatment, however, electrolyte leakage index significantly [P<0.01] affected under different levels of MWCNT. Furthermore, total phenolics was significantly [P<0.01] changed under interaction of experimental treatments. The highest and the lowest phenolics content were achieved in functionalized MWCNT exposed plants at 50 and 200 mg/L under 25% of FC, respectively
Conclusion: application of functionalized MWCNT at concentration of 50 mg/L along with moderate drought stress improved physiological traits and antioxidant activity of extract in S. mirzayanii plants
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Background: ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome [OHSS] is an iatrogenic complication, which can cause high morbidity and mortality. Use of gonadotropin releasing hormone [GnRH] agonist instead of human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG] in GnRH antagonist cycles causes luteinizing hormone surge by GnRH stimulation which reduces the risk of OHSS by reducing the total amount of gonadotropin; however, there is no possibility of transferring fresh embryos
Objective: the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of hCG along with GnRH agonist administration in the occurrence of OHSS and pregnancy rate in females undergoing in vitro fertilization
Materials and Methods: the current randomized clinical trial was conducted on 80 cases in 2 groups. Gonal-F was used to stimulate the oocyte from the second day of menstruation. When follicle size was 12-14 mm, GnRH antagonist was added to the protocol till the detection of more than two follicles greater than 18 mm. Then, GnRH agonist was added to the protocol as a trigger. In group A, 35 hr after the administration of GnRH agonist, the low-dose human hCG, 1500 IU, was used. In group B, low-dose hCG, 1500 IU, was used at the same time by GnRH agonist administration. The rate of pregnancy, OHSS, and its severity were compared between 2 groups within 2 wk
Results: there was no significant difference regarding chemical and clinical pregnancies between the 2 groups. Severe OHSS was significantly higher in group B [p= 0.03]
Conclusion: administration of hCG 35 hr after GnRH agonist administration results in lower rate of severe OHSS
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Background and Objective: Nicotine is an addictive substance and Ritalin is a medicine which has been prescribed for treatment of hyperactivity / attention deficit disorder [ADHD]. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Ritalin and nicotine and combination of Ritalin and nicotine on daily sperm production and epididymal sperm reserve in mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 120 adult male BALB/c mice were r and omly allocated into one control group and 11 experimental [treatment] groups. Animals, in the first, second and third treated groups were received nicotine at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 microgr/kg/bw, respectively. Mice in fourth and fifth treated groups were received Ritalin at doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg/bw, respectively. Animals in sixth and seventh treatment groups were received nicotine in 400 microgr/kg/bw and Ritalin in 2 and 10 mg/kg/bw and in eighth and ninth groups, nicotine at dose of 200 microgr/kg/bw and Ritalin at doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg/bw, respectively. Animals in tenth and eleventh treated groups were received nicotine as dose of 100 microgr/kg/bw and Ritalin at doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg/bw, respectively. Ritalin and nicotine were administrated orally for 40 days. At the end of study, daily sperm production and epididymal sperm reserve were measeared. Results: The daily sperm production was significantly reduced in the groups with high consumption doses of nicotine and different doses of Ritalin and the majority of groups which used the combination of Ritalin and nicotine [P<0.05]. The epididiymal sperm reserve was significantly increased in experimental groups of 8, 9, 10 and 11 which were received the combination of Ritalin and nicotine in different doses [P<0.05]. Conclusion: The combination of Ritalin and nicotine reduces daily sperm production and it incereases epididiymal sperm reserve in adult BALB/c mice
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Introduction: technological advances made necessary the use of scientific methods in the purchase decision. The present study Prioritization Factors affecting the purchase of medical equipment has been done at selected hospitals in Tehran
Methods: the present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 2014. About 645 members of the medical equipment committee and medical equipment users [including clinical and Para-clinical administrators] in a number of hospitals in Tehran were selected using census method. For data gathering questionnaire was used that its Validity has been proved by experts and its reliability as due to the inconsistency ratio of questionnaires which was less than [0.1] was proved. Then, the collected data was analyzed using AHP model, and Expert choice 11 software. [Responsiveness rate was 87%]
Results: four determinants were influencing the purchase of medical equipment among which "quality" was the most influential determinant with the highest geometric mean [0.414] and "price" was the least influential one with the lowest geometric mean [0.148].Also the after sale [0.278] and brand [0.160] are the next priority after the quality
Conclusion: the results showed Health care organizations have great attention to quality of medical equipment consider it as part of quality of service. Correct diagnosis is one of the success factors for health care providers that use the appropriate equipment plays a major role in it
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High-risk pregnancies increase the risk of Intensive Care Unit [ICU] and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit [NICU] admission in mothers and their newborns. In this study, we aimed to identify the association between the recurrence of high-risk pregnancy and mothers' previous experience of having an infant admitted to NICU. We performed a cohort, retrospective study to compare subsequent pregnancy outcomes among 232 control subjects and 200 female cases with a previous experience of having a newborn requiring NICU admission due to intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, and asphyxia. The information about the prevalence of subsequent high-risk pregnancies was gathered via phone calls. As the results indicated, heparin, progesterone, and aspirin were more frequently administered in the case group during subsequent pregnancies, compared to the control group [P<0.001]. Also, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm labor, and gestational diabetes mellitus were more frequent in the case group, compared to the control group [P<0.05]. There was a positive correlation between recurrent high-risk pregnancy and previous experience of having a newborn requiring NICU admission. As the results indicated, mothers in the case group were at a higher risk for preeclampsia, preterm labor, and gestational diabetes mellitus, compared to the control group. Therefore, earlier diagnosis, prompt treatment, and prevention should be taken into account by physicians
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Objectives: The role of zinc in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea is controversial. This study was conducted to compare serum zinc levels in children with acute diarrhoea to those found in healthy children
Methods: This case-control study was carried out at the Qazvin Children's Hospital in Qazvin, Iran, between July 2012 and January 2013. A total of 60 children with acute diarrhoea [12 children with bloody diarrhoea and 48 children with watery diarrhoea] and 60 healthy children were included. Zinc levels for all subjects were measured using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and data were analysed and compared between groups
Results: Mean serum zinc levels in the patients with acute bloody diarrhoea, acute watery diarrhoea and the control group were 74.1 +/- 23.7 microg/dL, 169.4 +/- 62.7 microg/dL and 190.1 +/- 18.0 microg/dL, respectively [P = 0.01]. Hypozincaemia was observed in 50.0% of children with acute bloody diarrhoea and 12.5% of those with acute watery diarrhoea. None of the patients in the control group had hypozincaemia [P = 0.01]
Conclusion: Children with acute bloody diarrhoea had significantly reduced serum zinc levels in comparison to healthy children. However, a study with a larger sample size is needed to examine the significance of this trend
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Diarrhea , Acute Disease , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
Acute normovolemic hemodilution [ANH] and preoperative autologous blood donation [PABD] have questionable efficacy, viral and bacterial infection risks, intermittent blood shortages as homeostasis problem, electrolyte and hemodynamic disturbances. In this cross sectional survey, we studied 70 patients undergoing open heart coronary artery bypass grafts [CABG] and different valvular replacement 1 ml surgery [35 in ANH, 35 in PABD] in Shaheed Modares - Hospital. We measured electrolytes and homeostatic factors to evaluate the infl uence of two transfusion methods on homeostatic function and hemodynamic balance. We compared 70 patients [38 male [54.3%] and 32 female [45.7%]] with mean age 54.8 years undergoing open heart surgery [CABG and valvular]. In ANH group, significant decrease was detected in Na [28.5%] K [2.5%], prothrombin time [PT] [88.57%], partial thromboplastin time [PTT] [94.28%], creatine phosphokinase [CPK] [11.4%], lactic dehydrogenase [LDH] [11.43%], albumin [Alb] [17.14%], globulin [91.43%] and total protein [80%]. Mean initial and post-operative hemoglobin was 14.12 +/- 1.06 versus 11.97 +/- 0.98, hematocrit 42.22 +/- 3.45 versus 35.40 +/- 2.88, systolic blood pressure 124.1 +/- 14.4 versus 110.88 +/- 15.6 [reduction 22.86%] diastolic blood pressure 76.02 +/- 10 versus 69.26 +/- 11 [reduction 3%] and pulse rate was 75.45 +/- 10 versus 84.45 +/- 12 [12%] in this case difference between two groups was strongly significant [P = 0.001]. In PABD group, significant decrease was detected in Na [20%], K [2.5%], PT [91.43%] PTT [80%], CPK [8.57%], LDH [5.72%], Alb [57.15%], globulin [71.43%] and total-protein [62.85%], the value of hemodynamic changes were in normal range. Though aut ologous blood transfusion [ANH and PABD] was preferable to allogeneic transfusion in cardiac surgical patients; but PABD offers more advantages in homeostasis, hemodynamic stability and electrolyte balance
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Superoxide radicals are produced during oxidative metabolic processes, and removed by superoxide dismutase [SOD] enzymes. Controversial results have been reported regarding the tissue and plasma concentration of SOD in patients with breast cancer. Venous blood was obtained from study participants and activity of SOD enzyme was determined in 100 women. Comparison was made between 50 patients with breast cancer and 50 individuals in control group. The activities of SOD in patients with malignancy and control group were 553.56 +/- 53.67 U/gr Hb and 1218.60 +/- 98.55 U/gr Hb, respectively [P <0.001]. Patients with higher stage and nuclear grade had lower SOD activity. lower levels of SOD activity was observed in women with breast cancer compared to healthy individuals. Considering the existing controversy regarding the SOD level in breast cancer patients, further studies to explore the reason of these differences are warranted
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] is the most common in psychology and Methylphenidate hydrochloride [MPH] is one of the most frequently prescribed pediatric medicine. This study was done to determine the effect of Methylphenidate hydrochloride on ovarian and pituitary gonadotropin hormone in peripubertal mice This experimental study was done on 40 preipubertal female mice [BALB/c] with three weeks age and approximate 12-15 gram. The mice were allocated randomly in one control and three experimental groups, designated as I, II and III. Animals in group I, II and III were received by gavage Methylphenidate hydrochloride with 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight for six days, respectively. At the end of experiment body weight, serum estrogen, progesterone and pituitary gonadotropins were measured. Morphometric and histopathological evaluation of ovary were examined. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17, ANOVA and Tukey tests. The body weight and ovary dimensions of animals in experimental groups were reduced significantly in comparison with control [P<0.05]. Abnormal cells, structural alternations of granules cells and follicular growth abnormality were observed in experimental groups I and III in compare to control group. A significant reduction of estrogen, in group I, progesterone levels in group I and III were observed in comparison with the controls [P<0.05]. This study showed that the Methylphenidate hydrochloride administration induces the reduction of body weight, ovary dimensions and hormones
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Nicotine is an ingredient of cigarette smoke that has a lot of psychological and physical effects on addicted persons. The aim of this study was to evaluate nicotine effects on functional and histological alteration in thyroid gland that has important role on metabolic activities. In this experimental study, 40 mature male mice [25-30 gr] were divided to one control group and 3 experimental groups that received nicotine with dosage of 100, 200 and 400 micro g/kg via oral gavage once a day for 60 days. Then, T[3], T[4] and TSH serum levels were measured and histomorphometric evaluation of thyroid gland was done. Significant decrease in body weight and thyroid follicular epithelial height and significant increase in serum level of T[3] were noted. This study showed that nicotine can cause alteration on metabolic activities of thyroid gland via the increase of T[3] serum level and the decrease of follicular epithelial height
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Mice , Thyroid Hormones/blood , Body WeightABSTRACT
Peripheral blood fibrocytes are a newly identified circulating leukocyte subpopulation that migrates into injured tissue where it may display fibroblast-like properties and participate in wound healing and fibrosis of skin and other organs. In this study, fibrocyte recruitment to skin in a bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis model of human scleroderma in vivo was studied. Sections of skin from normal mice [control group] and bleomycin-treated C57BL/6 mice [Experimental group] were stained for Procollagen a2 Type I and CD34 and the double stained cells, and also fibrocytes were counted in the tissue sections. There were more fibrocytes in the dermis of experimental group than control group. There was no significant difference in fibrocyte number between skin samples with 1 week bleomycin treated and 3 weeks treated samples. We also found that fibrocytes [CD34+ and procollagen+] were mainly localized in clusters around blood vessels in the dermis and also individually close to epithelium. Our data suggest an important role of fibrocytes in the pathology of dermal fibrosis
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Spermatic Cord Torsion/diagnosis , Cryptorchidism/congenital , Cryptorchidism/diagnosis , Cryptorchidism/surgery , Cryptorchidism/diagnostic imaging , Spermatic Cord Torsion/surgery , Spermatic Cord Torsion/diagnostic imaging , Testicular Hydrocele/congenital , Testicular Hydrocele/diagnosis , Testicular Hydrocele/diagnostic imaging , Prenatal Diagnosis/statistics & numerical data , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/statistics & numerical data , Ureteral Obstruction/congenital , Ureteral Obstruction/complications , Ureteral Obstruction/diagnosis , Orchiectomy/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Lymnaea palustris was previously found in Mazandaran province but there was not any report about its parasitologic aspects. This study was conducted to finding ecological and Parasitological aspects of snail in Mazandaran province, North of Iran. In this descriptive study, more than 181 locations, were checked, in 36 locations, colonies of the snail were found and 490 snails were collected. After diagnosis of snails as Lymanea palustris, in laboratory, they were crushed and their probable cercaria was checked out by a dissecting microscope. Data were analyzed and processed by ArcGIS 9.2 and Microsoft Office 2003 for descriptive analysis. from 490 snails, 6 cases [1.22%] were infected with trematode larval stage. These cercariae were classified as echinostomaercaria. Optimum temperature for the snails was 15-19 degrees of celsius and optimum dissolved salt [TDS] was 200-400 ppm. Population of colonies were raised in autumn and winter but infected snails were seen in summer. This study could show the ecological pattern, distribution, and population dynamic of the snail. Also the existence of echinostomaercaria which is cercaria, generally belong to the Echinostoma sp, indicates veterinary and parasitological importance of local snails. It is probable these parasite, infect man also. More studies on definitive host and exact species of parasite are proposed
Subject(s)
Trematoda , Ecology , EchinostomaABSTRACT
Nowadays, noninvasive evaluation of dilatation changes of endothelium region under hyperaemia has attracted researchers' notice. But optimum conditions for inducing hyperaemia and proper mechanical parameters based on obstruction stress, obstruction time and time of ultrasonic survey after obstruction release were not reported. This study was designed to extract optimum biomechanical parameters for inducing hyperaemia in brachial artery. First, brachial artety of healthy men were forced under 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mm Hg for five minutes, and 60 seconds after obstruction release ultrasonic assessment was performed and according to maximum distensibility of brachial artery, optimum obstruction was extracted. Then brachial artery of healthy men were forced under optimum obstraction for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 minutes and optimum obstruction time was extracted. For extracting the optimum time of ultrasonic assessment, brachial artery of healthy men were forced under optimum obstruction pressure and time and then ultrasonic assessment was done in 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 seconds after obstruction release. For extracting diameter changes of artery, maximum systolic velocity, minimum diastolic velocity, and also radial strain and distensibility, multi frames of B-mode and Doppler images were recorded on personal computer. According to ANOVA test, optimum parameters of inducing reactive hyperaemia for increasing distensibility of brachial artery were extracted. Hyperaemia under 150 mm Hg obstruction, for a duration of 4 minutes and 45 and 65 seconds after releasing are the best conditions for ultrasonic assessments. The application of optimum reactive hyperaemia protocol can provide a more accurate noninvasive evaluation of artries' biomechanical parameters
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Brachial Artery , Biomechanical Phenomena , Ultrasonography , Analysis of VarianceABSTRACT
Lilium ledebourii [Baker] Boiss.[Liliaceae], locally named "Susan -e Chelcheragh" is a native and rare species grown on the heights of Damash region [ca. 2100 m] in Gilan province, north part of Iran.The microscopic and anatomical features and the composition of oils of flower and corm of this unique plant were studied. The microscopic study has shown the main characteristic elements of leaf, stem, corm and flower of this plant. The composition of essential oils of flower and corm were determined by coupled GC-MS analysis. The yields of oils of flower and corm were 0.71% and 1.65% [v/w] respectively. The major components of flower's oil were isopulegol [55.15%], pentacosane [18.1%], 3-methyltricosane [9.97%], tricosane [5.35%], 2-methylpentacosane [4.35%], docosane [4.28%] and linalool oxide [2.20%]. The components of corm's oil were almost fatty acids. No aromatic volatile compound was found in the corm oil. Primary qualitative phytochemical tests of stem, leaf, corm and flower showed positive results for alkaloid and flavonoid [one plus] in stem and for saponin [4 plus] in corm and [2 plus] in the flower. Tests for tannin in all parts were negative. Further phytochemical and botanical studies on this unique plant is of importance