Epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Mianyang, Sichuan, 2019-2021 / 中国热带医学

@#Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of influenza in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of influenza. Methods Influenza surveillance data in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 55 970 cases of influenza were reported in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, with an average annual incidence of 388.08/100 000. A total of 103 723 cases of influenza -like illness cases (ILI) were reported, with an average annual ILI% of 3.58%. The incidence, ILI% , and positive detection rates of influenza were all far higher than those in the corresponding period in 2019. The classification of the population is mainly composed of students under the age of 15. The top three reported cases were Fucheng District (20 118, 35.94%), Youxian District (6 394, 11.42%) and Jiangyou District (5 800, 10.36%). 10 126 samples of ILI were received and detected, with a positive rate of 19.53%, the positive rate of ILI samples was mainly students under 15 years old. The dominant strains of influenza viruses showed an alternating trend over the years, and A (H3) was the predominant type in 2019. Except for 2 A (H9) strains detected in 2021, the rest were all BV strains. Due to the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, the positive detection rate was low throughout the year. 43 outbreaks of ILI were reported, which were mainly occurred in winter, and most of them were in primary schools. Conclusion From 2019 to 2021, the characteristics of cases, ILI, pathogen surveillance and outbreak events of influenza in Mianyang City are basically the same, with students under 15 years of age and schools remaining the key population and sites of concern. the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions for influenza prevention and control is further evidenced by the low incidence of influenza during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Etiologic identification and drug susceptibility analysis of a Citrobacter freundii food poisoning event / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　In order to provide reference for emergency treatment of a sudden food poisoning incident, pathogen detection and drug resistance analysis were carried out. Methods　Diarrheal stool and surplus food samples were detected by GB 4789 and the isolates were identified by VITEK2 and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), at the same time, the bacterial drug sensitivity test was carried out by using the method of microbroth dilution, and the isolates from different sources were molecularly classified by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and the correlation between the strains was analyzed by BioNumerics software. Results　Totaly 13 leftovers and 3 diarrhea patients were isolated and identified, The total number of colonies and coliforms in 7 leftovers samples all exceeded the standard, and Citrobacter freundii was detected in 5 leftovers and 2 stools. The results of drug sensitivity test showed that seven strains of Citrobacter freundii were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, amikacin, cefotaxime and meropenem, but completely resistant to ampicillin, and there was no multiple drug resistance. The results of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that 7 strains of Citrobacter freundii had the same PFGE bands and 100% homology, showing the same clone. Conclusions　This food poisoning incident was caused by Citrobacter freundii. The pathogen of food poisoning can be quickly and accurately determined by MALDI-TOF MS, which is beneficial to the early diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. It is suggested to strengthen the corresponding management, improve food safety awareness and prevent similar incidents.

Value of cardiac MRI in evaluation of left atrial function in the postoperative tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary stenosis patients / 中华放射学杂志

Objective:To explore the value of cardiac MRI (CMRI) in evaluating left atrial function in patients with postoperative tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) and postoperative pulmonary stenosis (rPS).Methods:Totally 67 pediatric patients (49 with rTOF, 18 with rPS) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) were recruited between January 2019 and October 2021 in Shanghai Children′s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Thirty-three healthy volunteers, matched in gender and age, were included as controls from July 2017 to August 2018. Left atrial EF, strain and strain rate of three phases (reservoir, conduit and pump), left atrial volume (maximum volume index, minimum volume index and pre-atrial contraction volume index) were measured with corresponding cardiac function analysis software. Then, the differences in these parameters were analyzed between the three groups by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc comparison and Bonferroni correction.Results:Compared with controls, patients with rTOF had lower reservoir function parameters (EF, strain and strain rate), conduit EF, conduit strain, and left atrial maximum volume index ( P<0.05), but higher pump EF ( P<0.05). In patients with rPS, only the reservoir strain rate decreased compared with controls ( P<0.05), and the remaining data showed no significant difference ( P>0.05). The reservoir and conduit EF and strain in patients with rPS were higher than those in patients with rTOF ( P<0.05). Conclusions:In patients with rTOF and rPS, left atrial function has changed despite the preservation of left ventricular EF, which may be an early marker of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. In children with rTOF, left atrial reservoir and conduit functions decreased while the pump function increased. The reservoir and pump functions in rPS were better than those in rTOF. In addition, CMRI can detect left atrial dysfunction early before it enlarged.

Effect of Xinnao Shutong capsule and its active ingredients on damage of cerebral microvascular endothelial cell barrier integrity caused by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation and its mechanism / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of XNST and its monomeric components on the barrier structure and tight junction protein expression of brain microvascular endothelial cells damaged by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and the possible mechanism. Methods The mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell line bEnd. 3 was inoculated in the upper layer of the Transwell chamber to establish an OGD/R damage model, and the effect of the drug on the integrity of the endothelial cell barrier was investigated by the transmembrane resistance value and fluorescein-so-dium transmittance. Claudin-5 immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the changes of tight junction structure between endothelial cells. RT-PCR and Western blot were employed to detect mRNA and protein expression levels of tightly linked proteins Claudin-5 , Occludin, ZO-1. Western blot was applied to detect the expression levels of MAPKs (JNK, p38, ERK) , I kappa B a, I kappa B kinase phosphorylated protein expression, and Western blot and immunofluorescence were utilized to detect NF-K.B/p65 nucleation expression. Results XNST and its three monomers could significantly increase endothelial cell resistance and de- crease fluorescein-sodium transmittance. Claudin-5 fluorescence staining showed that the tight junction between cells in the model group was significantly damaged , while XNST and its monomer components could significantly improve its tight structure. RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that it could significantly upregulate the expression of mRNA and protein of Claudin-5, Occludin and ZO-1, and further study on the mechanism showed that XNST and its monomer components could significantly inhibit the phosphoryla-tion of JNK, p38 and ERK, inhibit the phosphorylation of I kappa B a and I kappa B kinases, and significantly inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-KB/p65. Conclusion Both XNST and its monomeric components can exert cerebroprotective effects by increasing the tight junction structure between cells to promote barrier integrity, and the mechanism may be related to inhibition of NF-kB and MAPKs signaling pathway activation.

Prescription and medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine for prevention and treatment of diabetic microangiopathy based on literature mining / 中国中药杂志

This study explored the prescription and medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the prevention and treatment of diabetic microangiopathy based on literature mining. Relevant literature on TCM against diabetic microangiopathy was searched and prescriptions were collected. Microsoft Excel 2021 software was used to establish a prescription database, and an analysis was conducted on the frequency, properties, flavors, meridian tropism, and efficacy classifications of drugs. Association rule analysis, cluster analysis, and factor analysis were performed using SPSS Modeler 18.0 and SPSS Statistics 26.0 software. The characteristic active components and mechanisms of action of medium-high frequency drugs in the analysis of medication rules were explored through li-terature mining. A total of 1 327 prescriptions were included in this study, involving 411 drugs, with a total frequency reaching 19 154 times. The top five high-frequency drugs were Astragali Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Poria, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Rehmanniae Radix. The cold and warm drugs were used in combination. Drugs were mainly sweet, followed by bitter and pungent, and acted on the liver meridian. The majority of drugs were effective in tonifying deficiency, clearing heat, activating blood, and resolving stasis. Association rule analysis identified the highly supported drug pair of Astragali Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix and the highly confident drug combination of Poria-Alismatis Rhizoma-Corni Fructus. The strongest correlation was found among Astragali Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Poria, and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma through the complex network analysis. Cluster analysis identified nine categories of drug combinations, while factor analysis identified 16 common factors. The analysis of active components in high-frequency drugs for the treatment of diabetic microangiopathy revealed that these effective components mainly exerted their effects by inhibiting oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory reactions. The study found that the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy was primarily characterized by deficiency in origin, with a combination of deficiency and excess. Deficiency was manifested as Qi deficiency and blood deficiency, while excess as phlegm-heat and blood stasis. The key organ involved in the pathological changes was the liver. The treatment mainly focused on supplementing Qi and nourishing blood, supplemented by clearing heat, coo-ling blood, activating blood, and dredging collaterals. Commonly used formulas included Danggui Buxue Decoction, Liuwei Dihuang Pills, Erzhi Pills, and Buyang Huanwu Decoction. The mechanisms of action of high-frequency drugs in the treatment of diabetic microangiopathy were often related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and suppression of inflammatory reactions. These findings can provide references for the clinical treatment of diabetic microangiopathy and the development of targeted drugs.

DMMIC derivatization-assisted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for metabolite profiling of the glutathione anabolic pathway in esophageal cancer tissues and cells / 药物分析学报

In this work,a new pyrylium derivatization-assisted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)method was developed for metabolite profiling of the glutathione anabolic pathway(GAP)in cancer tissues and cells.The pyrylium salt of 6,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl isochromenylium tetrafluoroborate(DMMIC)was used to label the amino group of metabolites,and a reductant of dithiothreitol(DTT)was employed to stabilize the thiol group.By combining DMMIC derivatization with LC-MS,it was feasible to quantify the 13 main metabolites on the GAP in complex biological samples,which had good linearity(R2=0.9981-0.9999),precision(interday precision of 1.6％-19.0％and intraday precision of 1.4％-19.8％)and accuracy(83.4％-115.7％).Moreover,the recovery assessments in tissues(82.5％-107.3％)and in cells(98.1％-118.9％)with GSH-13C2,15N,and Cys-15N demonstrated the reliability of the method in detecting tissues and cells.Following a methodological evaluation,the method was applied successfully to investigate difference in the GAP between the carcinoma and para-carcinoma tissues of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and the effect of p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde(CMSP)on the GAP in KYSE-150 esophageal cancer cells.The results demonstrate that the developed method provides a promising new tool to elucidate the roles of GAP in physiological and pathological processes,which can contribute to research on drugs and diseases.

Risk factors of postoperative surgical site infection in colon cancer based on a single center database / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To explore the incidence and risk factors of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) after colon cancer surgery. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was performed. Patients diagnosed with colon cancer who underwent radical surgery between January 2016 and May 2021 were included, and demographic characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory tests, surgical data and postoperative complications were extracted from the specialized prospective database at Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Case exclusion criteria: (1) simultaneously multiple primary colon cancer; (2) segmental resection, subtotal colectomy, or total colectomy; (3) patients undergoing colostomy/ileostomy during the operation or in the state of colostomy/ileostomy before the operation; (4) patients receiving natural orifice specimen extraction surgery or transvaginal colon surgery; (5) patients with the history of colectomy; (6) emergency operation due to intestinal obstruction, perforation and acute bleeding; (7) intestinal diversion operation; (8) benign lesions confirmed by postoperative pathology; (9) patients not following the colorectal clinical pathway of our department for intestinal preparation and antibiotic application. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to determine the risk factors of SSI after colon cancer surgery. Results: A total of 1291 patients were enrolled in the study. 94.3% (1217/1291) of cases received laparoscopic surgery. The incidence of overall SSI was 5.3% (69/1291). According to tumor location, the incidence of SSI in the right colon, transverse colon, left colon and sigmoid colon was 8.6% (40/465), 5.2% (11/213), 7.1% (7/98) and 2.1% (11/515) respectively. According to resection range, the incidence of SSI after right hemicolectomy, transverse colectomy, left hemicolectomy and sigmoid colectomy was 8.2% (48/588), 4.5% (2/44), 4.8% (8 /167) and 2.2% (11/492) respectively. Univariate analysis showed that preoperative BUN≥7.14 mmol/L, tumor site, resection range, intestinal anastomotic approach, postoperative diarrhea, anastomotic leakage, postoperative pneumonia, and anastomotic technique were related to SSI (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that anastomotic leakage (OR=22.074, 95%CI: 6.172-78.953, P<0.001), pneumonia (OR=4.100, 95%CI: 1.546-10.869, P=0.005), intracorporeal anastomosis (OR=5.288, 95%CI: 2.919-9.577,P<0.001) were independent risk factors of SSI. Subgroup analysis showed that in right hemicolectomy, the incidence of SSI in intracorporeal anastomosis was 19.8% (32/162), which was significantly higher than that in extracorporeal anastomosis (3.8%, 16/426, χ(2)=40.064, P<0.001). In transverse colectomy [5.0% (2/40) vs. 0, χ(2)=0.210, P=1.000], left hemicolectomy [5.4% (8/148) vs. 0, χ(2)=1.079, P=0.599] and sigmoid colectomy [2.1% (10/482) vs. 10.0% (1/10), χ(2)=2.815, P=0.204], no significant differences of SSI incidence were found between intracorporeal anastomosis and extracorporeal anastomosis (all P>0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of SSI increases with the resection range from sigmoid colectomy to right hemicolectomy. Intracorporeal anastomosis and postoperative anastomotic leakage are independent risk factors of SSI. Attentions should be paid to the possibility of postoperative pneumonia and actively effective treatment measures should be carried out.

Evaluation of chemosensory function in patients with upper respiratory tract post-viral olfactory dysfunction / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To observe the changes of olfactory function, intranasal trigeminal nerve function and taste function in patients with upper respiratory tract post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD), and to explore the correlation of chemosensory function. Methods: The clinical data of 42 patients with PVOD who visited to the Olfactory and Taste Center of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department of Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January to December of 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, including 20 males and 22 females, aging (48.86±11.47) years (x¯). Twenty subjects in normal control group were selected according to the sex ratio of PVOD patients. Sniffin' Sticks olfactory tests were performed on the subjects, including threshold test (T), discrimination test (D) and identification test (I), and the sum of the above three test scores was the TDI value. At the same time, olfactory event-related potentials (oERPs), trigeminal event-related potentials (tERPs) and taste function test were performed. According to the taste function test, the patients were divided into normal gustation (NG) group and gustatory dysfunction (GD) group. The results of olfaction, taste and intranasal trigeminal nerve function tests were compared among different groups, and the correlation analysis was carried out. SPSS statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Results: GD was present in 14 (33.3%) of 42 PVOD patients with a course of PVOD of 5 (3, 6) months (M (Q1, Q3)). The gustatory function of patients with PVOD was related to gender (r=0.565, P<0.001), smoking status (r=-0.512, P=0.001), duration (r=-0.357, P=0.020) and olfactory function (all P<0.05). The olfactory function of GD group was worse than that of NG group, and the differences of TDI value and T value between the two groups were statistically significant (10.25±4.58 vs 13.35±3.61, 1.54±0.66 vs 2.10±0.88, t value was 2.40 and 2.10 respectively, both P<0.05). The amplitudes of oERPs and tERPs were significantly lower in GD group than those in NG group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: In patients with PVOD, the subjective and objective olfactory function, intranasal trigeminal nerve function and taste function were decreased, and there was a correlation, suggesting that there was a synergistic effect between the chemosensory functions of PVOD patients.

Analysis of whole-mouth taste function test results in 584 healthy adults / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To assess the taste function of healthy Chinese adults with the reliable whole-mouth taste test, and to analyze the correlation of taste function with age and gender. Methods: The clinical data of 584 participants reporting the normal sense of smell and taste from March 2019 to January 2020 in the Physical Examination Center of Beijing Anzhen Hospital were analyzed in the study, including 297 males and 287 females, aging (46.9±16.6) years. The subjects were divided into youth group (19-35 years old), middle aged group (36-50 years old), middle-elderly aged group (51-65 years old) and elderly group (66-80 years old). The taste test involved 5 tastants (sour, sweet, salty, umami and bitter) and 7 concentrations. The perception and recognition scores of five tastes were obtained through the whole-mouth taste test. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The intra-class correlation coefficients of the whole-mouth taste test were 0.751 to 0.828, which showed high test-retest reliability. The total score of perception and recognition of five tastes showed the significant negative correlation with age (r value was -0.49 and -0.44, respectively, both P<0.001). Compared with the other two groups, taste function of middle-elderly aged and elderly group decreased significantly (all P<0.001). There was no significant difference in total perception scores and total recognition scores between youth and middle aged group (all P>0.05). The perception scores and recognition scores of sour, salty, umami, bitter and total scores in females were higher than those in males (all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in perception scores and recognition scores for sweet between them (P value was 0.584 and 0.223, respectively). Conclusions: The taste function is significantly negatively correlated with age. Except the sweet, females are more sensitive to the sour, salty, umami and bitter tastes than males.

Twenty years in the 21st century: identification technologies for and multimodal research on chemical changes in exploration of processing mechanism of Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Chinese medicine undergoes complex chemical changes during processing and identifying these changes is the key to the processing mechanism. In the past 20 years of the 21 st century, research on the chemical changes in Chinese medicine after processing has focused the changes in the biopharmaceutical process in addition to the variation during processing. With the surging of information technologies, various identification technologies(instrumental analysis techniques, molecular biological techniques, data mining techniques, and biotransformation techniques) have developed rapidly and been widely applied to the research on processing mechanism. Thus, based on the chemical changes in the processing and biopharmaceutical process, the author suggested a research tactic of multimodal identification as the core by reorganizing key technologies for chemical identification from studies of the processing mechanism of Chinese me-dicine, aiming at establishing an interdisciplinary multi-dimensional research model for the processing mechanism of Chinese medicine.

Twenty years in the 21st century: research hotspots and frontier analysis on Chinese medicine processing mechanism / 中国中药杂志

The research on the processing mechanism of Chinese medicine is the key and core foundation to improve processing technologies of Chinese medicine, formulate the quality standards of Chinese medicinal pieces, enhance the clinical efficacy of Chinese medicine, enrich Chinese medicine processing theories, and promote the development of Chinese medicine processing. Many researc-hers have conducted in-depth exploration on the processing mechanism of Chinese medicine in the 20 years in the 21 st century. Significant progress has been made in the transformation of chemical components during the processing, the change of active components in the body, the law of toxicity attenuation in the processing of toxic Chinese medicine, the mechanism of efficacy enhancement and toxicity attenuation of processing with auxiliary materials, and the application of new biomedical technologies. At present, the processing mechanism of multiple Chinese medicines has been preliminarily clarified, which has greatly promoted the development of Chinese me-dicine processing. The development of the processing mechanism of Chinese medicine reveals that the in vitro transformation of chemical components is combined with the in vivo absorption, transport, and metabolism, and the macroscopic biological effects of the organism are combined with the cells, molecules, targets, and pathways in the study of the processing mechanism of Chinese medicine. More attention has been paid to exploring the processing mechanism from the overall level, and a modern systematic research system on the processing mechanism of Chinese medicine has been initially formed. To further promote the scientific development of Chinese me-dicine processing, the present study proposed that the research on the processing mechanism of Chinese medicine should take Chinese medicine properties into account, focus on the influence of disease condition on the mode of action and effect strength of the drugs, comply with the characteristics of clinical compound compatibility of Chinese medicine, use the holistic view research strategies of systems bio-logy, and deeply explore the processing mechanism of Chinese medicine from traditional Chinese medicine theories and the characteristics of clinical medication of Chinese medicine.

Twenty years in the 21st century: research approaches and techniques in modern system biology for mechanisms of Chinese medicinal processing / 中国中药杂志

Clarifying the mechanisms of Chinese medicinal processing is pivotal to the modernization of Chinese medicine. Research on Chinese medicinal processing gives priority to the mechanisms of the processing in enhancing efficacy, reducing toxicity, and repurposing medicinals. During the past 20 years, scholars have carried out in-depth studies on the mechanisms of Chinese medicinal processing via modern system biology. They mainly focused on the changes of medicinal properties and efficacy caused by processing using techniques of modern pharmacology and molecular biology, spectrum-efficacy correlation, and biophoton emission. However, these techniques fail to reflect the holistic view of traditional Chinese medicine. With the introduction of system biology, multi-omics techno-logies(genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) have surged, which have been applied to the research on the mec-hanisms of Chinese medicinal processing. These multi-omics technologies have advantages in the research on holism. This study aims to summarize the research techniques and approaches in system biology for mechanisms of Chinese medicinal processing in the past 20 years and analyze the limitations and advantages of them. It is concluded that the multi-omics techniques of system biology can reconstruct the mechanisms of Chinese medicinal processing. This study provides a new direction for further research on the mechanisms of Chinese medicinal processing.

Varieties and standards of Corydalis medicinal plants / 中国中药杂志

Through literature research and standard retrieval, Corydalis-derived medicinal materials, the origins, and related standards were summarized. Finally, 27 medicinal materials were screened out, involving 71 species(varieties). Among them, only 11 are recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020), National Standard for Chinese Patent Drugs·Tibetan Medicine, Tibetan Medicine Standards, and other local standards, including Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Corydalis Herba. The names and original plants of the medicinal materials are different in different standards, and the phenomena of "same medicinal material with different names" and "same name for different medicinal materials" are prominent. Most standards only include the traits, microscopic identification, and physico-chemical property identification, with unsound quality criteria. Thus, efforts should be made to strengthen the sorting of Corydalis medicinal plants, herbal textual research, and investigation of the resources and utilization. Moreover, via modern techniques, the chemical components and medicinal material basis of different original plants should be explored and sound quality standards should be established to improve the safety and quality of Corydalis-derived medicinal materials. Summarizing Corydalis medicinal plants, Corydalis-derived medicinal materials, and related standards, this study is expected to provide a reference for the standard formulation, quality evaluation, expansion of drug sources, and rational development and utilization of Corydalis resources.

Artery stenosis in renal grafts from infantile donors to adult recipients / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics, causes, diagnosis and treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis after pediatric-to-adult kidney transplantation.Methods:Between July 2014 and March 2019, clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 25 en-bloc and 27 single kidney transplant cases.Results:One en-bloc(4.0%)and two single kidney recipients(7.4%)were diagnosed as renal artery stenosis at Month 13-23 months post-transplantation.It was higher than the rate of stenosis in adult-to-adult transplant cases(1.1%)during the same period.As compared with recipients without stenosis, stenotic ones had younger pediatric donors( P<0.05)and yet similar body weight of donors as well as recipients( P>0.05). The inner diameters of stenonotic sites were(1.40-1.63)mm and predominant stenotic site was proximal renal artery rather than anastomotic site.The remaining parts of major renal arteries varied from 2.31 to 4.93 mm in diameter.It was normal in children with a corresponding age.All three cases responded well to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting. Conclusions:The cause of stenosis may be an undeveloped local artery diameter due to extensive tissue dissection around artery.Therefore cautious selections of infantile single renal graft for adult recipients and preserving surrounding tissue of renal artery assist in the prevention of graft arterial stenosis.

The protective effects of salvianolic acid B, ginsenoside Rgl and notoginsenoside R1 on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation and reoxygenation of astrocytes / 中国药理学通报

eration-toxicity test kit was used to detect the cell viability of astrocytes, and flow cytometry to detect mitochondrial membrane potential, KOS release and intracellular calcium concentration.KT-PCK was employed to detect the niHNA expression of BDNF, NGF, KtFIcx in astrocytes.Western blot was used to detect the phosphorylation of PI3K, ART and STA'13 protein in astrocytes.Results OGD/K significantly decreased cell viability.HOS release and intracellular calcium ion concentration of astrocytes, mitochondrial membrane potential and p-STAT3 , p-PI3K, p-AKT ex¬pression decreased in OGD/R group.Sal 15, Rgl and HI significantly increased the viability of damaged cells, and regulated KOS release, calcium ion concen¬tration and mitochondrial membrane potential to varying degrees.Sal B and Rgl increased the expression of p- STA'13 and p-AKT.Hie expression of BDNF and NGF niRNA in OGD/R group significantly decreased, and Sal B, Hgl and HI could significantly increase the ex¬pression of BDNF niHNA in damaged cells.Hgl could increase NGF niRNA expression.Sal B increased the expression of IGFla niRNA.Conclusions Sal B, Kgl, and HI reduce the oxidative stress response of astrocytes after OGD/R injury by regulating the PI3K/ ART and STA'13 signaling pathway, reduce intracellu¬lar calcium overload, and play a protective role in as-trocytes, increase the release of astrocyte neurotrophic factor, which may further play a protective role in neu¬rons.

An investigation of bacillary dysentery outbreaks in three schools in Ankang / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate risk factors and epidemiological characteristics of bacillary dysentery outbreaks in three schools, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of the epidemic in the future.@*Methods@#Case definition was established. All suspected, possible and confirmed cases of all students and faculty members from 3 schools (A, B, C) were selected for epidemiological investigation. Control group was used for case-control analysis, and relevant samples were collected for laboratory testing.@*Results@#A total of 132 cases were found in 3 schools, all of which were from students, with the incidence rate of 17.74%. The morbidity in kindergarten A was 20.00%, in center primary school B it was 21.74%, and in junior middle school C it was 11.61%. Cohort studies and casecontrol studies suggested that schools are exposed places and that washing hands with raw water in schools was possible risk factor [OR(95%CI) =4.50(1.01-20.11)]. Nine stool samples were tested in laboratory, among which 8 were positive for Shigella(88.99%), and Shigella was detected in the end nodes of school s pipeline network, the water samples from canteen bucket, and the floor drains of sewer pipe.@*Conclusion@#The bacillary dysentery outbreaks in 3 schools was caused by Shigella, which may be due to fecal contamination of domestic water in 3 schools before the start of the school year. It is suggested to strengthen the management of centralized water supply and construction in rural areas, intensify the supervision at all levels, and sanitation and disinfection before school opens at all levels.

Recent progress on diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation / 器官移植

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common complications after liver transplantation. The survival rate of recipients after liver transplantation with diabetes mellitus and the long-term survival rate of grafts are significantly lower than those of their counterparts without diabetes mellitus. In recent years, diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation has attracted widespread attention along with the rapid development of liver transplantation in China. Although post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) has been extensively investigated in the past two decades, multiple problems remain to be further resolved. The study was designed to review the latest research progress upon diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation, covering the definition and diagnostic criteria of PTDM, risk factors, prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation, aiming to deepen the understanding of diabetes mellitus following liver transplantation, deliver effective prevention and management, improve the long-term survival rate and enhance the quality of life of the recipients.

Feasibility of Three-Dimensional Balanced Steady-State Free Precession Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Combined with an Image Denoising Technique to Evaluate Cardiac Function in Children with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Objective@#To investigate the feasibility of cine three-dimensional (3D) balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP) imaging combined with a non-local means (NLM) algorithm for image denoising in evaluating cardiac function in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). @*Materials and Methods@#Thirty-five patients with rTOF (mean age, 12 years; range, 7–18 years) were enrolled to undergo cardiac cine image acquisition, including two-dimensional (2D) b-SSFP, 3D b-SSFP, and 3D b-SSFP combined with NLM. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) of the two ventricles were measured and indexed by body surface index. Acquisition time and image quality were recorded and compared among the three imaging sequences. @*Results@#3D b-SSFP with denoising vs. 2D b-SSFP had high correlation coefficients for EDV, ESV, SV, and EF of the left (0.959– 0.991; p < 0.001) as well as right (0.755–0.965; p < 0.001) ventricular metrics. The image acquisition time ± standard deviation (SD) was 25.1 ± 2.4 seconds for 3D b-SSFP compared with 277.6 ± 0.7 seconds for 2D b-SSFP, indicating a significantly shorter time with the 3D than the 2D sequence (p < 0.001). Image quality score was better with 3D b-SSFP combined with denoising than with 3D b-SSFP (mean ± SD, 3.8 ± 0.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.6; p = 0.005). Signal-to-noise ratios for blood and myocardium as well as contrast between blood and myocardium were higher for 3D b-SSFP combined with denoising than for 3D b-SSFP (p < 0.05 for all but septal myocardium). @*Conclusion@#The 3D b-SSFP sequence can significantly reduce acquisition time compared to the 2D b-SSFP sequence for cine imaging in the evaluation of ventricular function in children with rTOF, and its quality can be further improved by combining it with an NLM denoising method.

Study on the clinical characteristics of isolated congenital anosmia / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To retrospectively analysely the electrophysiological and imaging features of isolated congenital anosmia (ICA) and to assess the clinical phenotypic characteristics and classification of ICA. Methods: Clinical data of 30 ICA patients in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from 2012 to 2019 was retrospectively reviewed, including 13 males and 17 females, aged (35±19) years. The control group consisted of 30 healthy people from medical examination center, including 13 males and 17 females, aged (39±14) years. The clinical characteristics of ICA were analyzed using Sniffin' Sticks test, olfactory event-related potentials (oERPs), trigeminal event-related potentials (tERP) and olfactory pathway MRI. SPSS 17.0 software was used to compare the difference of olfactory function between the two groups. The correlation between olfactory bulb, olfactory sulcus structure and age was observed, and the clinical phenotype characteristics of ICA patients were analyzed. Results: The subjective olfactory function was completely lost in ICA patients. oERP was absent in all of the ICA patients, but showed normal N1 and P2 waves in controls. tERP could be evoked in 63.3% (19/30) of ICA patients, and signals in these patients showed higher amplitude in the N1 ((-10.33±6.93) μV vs (-5.11±2.71) μV, t=-10.113, P<0.01) and P2 ((+17.25±8.51) μV vs (+7.31±3.46) μV, t=5.443, P<0.01) waves than that of the controls. Olfactory bulbs were aplastic in 80.0% (24/30) of patients and hypoplastic in 20.0% (6/30) of patients. Fifty-six point seven percent (17/30) of patients had bilateral olfactory sulcus deletion while 43.3% (13/30) had dysplasia, and all of the patients exhibited a depth of olfactory sulcus less than 8 mm. Both the structure of olfactory bulbs and olfactory sulcus were not associated with age for ICA patients (r value was -0.174 and 0.325, respectively, all P>0.05). Conclusions: ICA patients show neurophysiologic deficits and some anatomic differences compared with healthy controls. The absence of oERP combining with a depth of olfactory sulcus less than 8 mm is the important indicator for clinical diagnosis of ICA. The structure of olfactory bulb may be a critical factor for clinical classification of ICA.

Feasibility of Three-Dimensional Balanced Steady-State Free Precession Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Combined with an Image Denoising Technique to Evaluate Cardiac Function in Children with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Objective@#To investigate the feasibility of cine three-dimensional (3D) balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP) imaging combined with a non-local means (NLM) algorithm for image denoising in evaluating cardiac function in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). @*Materials and Methods@#Thirty-five patients with rTOF (mean age, 12 years; range, 7–18 years) were enrolled to undergo cardiac cine image acquisition, including two-dimensional (2D) b-SSFP, 3D b-SSFP, and 3D b-SSFP combined with NLM. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) of the two ventricles were measured and indexed by body surface index. Acquisition time and image quality were recorded and compared among the three imaging sequences. @*Results@#3D b-SSFP with denoising vs. 2D b-SSFP had high correlation coefficients for EDV, ESV, SV, and EF of the left (0.959– 0.991; p < 0.001) as well as right (0.755–0.965; p < 0.001) ventricular metrics. The image acquisition time ± standard deviation (SD) was 25.1 ± 2.4 seconds for 3D b-SSFP compared with 277.6 ± 0.7 seconds for 2D b-SSFP, indicating a significantly shorter time with the 3D than the 2D sequence (p < 0.001). Image quality score was better with 3D b-SSFP combined with denoising than with 3D b-SSFP (mean ± SD, 3.8 ± 0.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.6; p = 0.005). Signal-to-noise ratios for blood and myocardium as well as contrast between blood and myocardium were higher for 3D b-SSFP combined with denoising than for 3D b-SSFP (p < 0.05 for all but septal myocardium). @*Conclusion@#The 3D b-SSFP sequence can significantly reduce acquisition time compared to the 2D b-SSFP sequence for cine imaging in the evaluation of ventricular function in children with rTOF, and its quality can be further improved by combining it with an NLM denoising method.