AN ANALYSIS OF VARIATIONS OF THE BRONCHO-VASCULAR PATTERNS OF THE RIGHT MIDDLE LOBE IN FIFTY CHINESE LUNGS / 解剖学报

The middle lobe of the right lungs of 50 Chinese adults were dissected. Their shape, broncho-vascular pattern and interrelationship were studied. A superior angle, hitherto not mentioned in the literature, was identified in 76% of the specimens. In the lungs studied, 84% of the bronchus of the middle lobe bifurcated into a lateral and a medial segmental bronchus, 12% bifurcated into a superior and an inferior segmental bronchus, and in 4% trifurcated into three bronchi. Surface representation of the segmental bronchi of the right middle lobes was examined. The arterial supply of the middle lobe varied from one to three branches. 76% of the cases were supplied by two arteries. The arterial patterns of the middle lobe have been grouped into four types. The middle lobe was usually drained by one to four veins, 56% of the specimens being with only one vein. According to the tributaries of the veins, four types of venous pattern were recognized, most of them (80%) being emptied into the superior pulmonary vein. In 80% of our specimens, an intersegmental vein has been identified. There are only 24% of our specimens in which the vascular pattern was in accordance with that of the bronchial tree.

POSITION OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN RELATION TO THE PIRIFORM MUSCLE IN ADULT CHINESE / 解剖学报

The relation of the sciatic nerve to piriform muscle in 430 sides of Chinese adult cadavers showed 7 types. In 60.5% the sciatic nerve passes out underneath the piriform muscle. In 29.5% of the remaining 39.5%, the common peroneal nerve goes, instead of beneath, through the piriform muscle. So far as the percentages of distribution of the various types are concerned, no side or sex difference is found; however, the racial difference between the Chinese and Japan-ese on the one hand and the Europeans and Americans on the other is quite clear.

THE OBSERVATION OF THE SHEATH OF THE MUSCULUS RECTUS ABDOMINIS / 解剖学报

The constitution of the sheath of the musculus rectus abdominis and the formation,numbers and position of the arcuate lines were studied in 100 Chinese adult cadavers atfive different transverse sections. In addition, the width of the linea alba was alsomeasured at four different levels. The sheath of musculus rectus consisted of different components at different levels.The typical form was found in the umbilical region. Here it was formed by the splittingof the aponeurosis of the internal oblique into an anterior and a posterior lamella; theanterior lamella forming the anterior wall of the sheath was reinforced by the apo-neurosis of the external oblique; and the posterior lamella forming the posterior wall ofthe sheath was joined with the aponeurosis of the transversus. The components of theanterior wall were found to be attenuating gradually upwards and thickening downwards,however, the reverse was seen in that of the posterior wall. The arcuate lines occured in 82.5% of the specimen, 15% showed two slips, onewas the true arcuate line and the other was the accessory arcuate line. The position ofthe arcuate line was mostly found to be located at the junction of the upper and middlethird in between the umbilicus and the upper margin of the symphysis pubis, while thatof the accessory lines was lying below the arcuate lines. It seemed that the arcuatelines were formed by the sudden terminations of the aponeurosis of the internal obliqueand the transversus muscles on to the posterior wall of the rectus sheath. The linea alba appeared to be wider above the level of the umbilicus but becamelinear below it. The widest portion was seen at the junction of the middle and lower thirdin between the xyphoid process and the umbilicus, averaging 11.9 mm.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND ITS CHIEF BRANCHES / 解剖学报

The internal iliac artery and its chief branches were observed on both sides of 160 Chinese cadavers. The origin of the internal iliac artery was mostly on a level with the 5th lumbar vertebra and lumbo-sacral intervertebral disc (80.94%). In most instances,the right side was higher than that of the left, and the male higher than that of the fe-male.According to the origin of its three main branches--superior gluteal, inferior glutealand internal pudendal arteries--the types of branching of the internal iliac artery mightbe classified into five types and ten subtypes. The prevailing type was type Ⅰ (55.94%),in which the internal iliac artery gave off first the superior gluteal artery, then the inferiorgluteal-pudendal trunk. Many of the superior gluteal artery (79.06%) perforated the sacral nervous plexusbetween the lumbo-sacral trunk and first sacral nerve. In 94.69% of the pudendal artery and 51.6% of the inferior gluteal artery left the pelvis by passing in front of the sacralplexus.The ilio-lumbar artery varied from 1--3 in number, most of them (65.62%) weresingle. This artery might spring from the superior gluteal artery. The obturator arteryusually originated from the internal iliac artery (80%), occasionally from the external iliac artery (17.19%), rarely from both (2.81%). The middle rectal artery commonlysprang from the internal pudendal artery. The double uterine artery was found in 11cases, the additional artery always sprang from the umbilical portion of the internal iliac artery.

THE ORIGIN OF THE OBTURATOR ARTERY AND THE BLOOD VESSELS RELATED TO THE FEMORAL RING / 解剖学报

320 sides of origin of the obturator artery and the blood vessels related to the fe-moral ring of Chinese adults were studied. There were 309 instances with a single ob-turator artery (254 arose from the internal iliac artery and 55 from the external iliacartery) and 11 cases with double obturator arteries.The internal iliac origin of the obturator artery bore no relation to the branchingtypes of internal iliac artery.The anomalous obturator artery which originated from the external iliac artery ap-peared in 20% of the total specimens. This frequency corresponds with that of theJapanese, but lower than that of the Europeans and Americans. Sex and side failed toshow any difference.The courses of the anomalous obturator arteries and their relation to the femoralring were analyzed. The artery which passed through the medial side of the femoral ring and behind the lacunare ligament, is of clinical importance and was found in 5% of the specimens observed. The percentage is higher than that reported in the literature.Besides, there were comparatively larger veins which ran medially to the femoral ring and opened into the external iliac vein (found in 42.5%).

AN ANALYSIS OF THE BRONCHOVASCULAR PATTERN OF THE LEFT LOWER LOBE IN FIFTY LUNGS OF THE CHINESE / 解剖学报

The distribution and arrangement of the segmental bronchi and blood vessels of the left lower lobe have been studied in fifty Chinese adult cadavers by the same methods as we did in the other four lobes.The bronchus of the left lower lobe usually divided into four segmental bronchi,namely the apical (B~6), the antero-medial basal (B~(7+8)), lateral basal (B~9), and the posterior basal (B~(10)). Occasionally, an extra one, the subapical bronchus (B~*), has been identified in 14% of the specimens in this series.The prevailing pattern (48%) of the branching of the apical bronchus is a bifurcation having the formula "B~6b, B~6a+c". The basal trunk bronchus frequently divides into two stems--commonly B~(7+8) and B~(9+10) (60%). The status of the medial basal bronchus in the left lower lobe has been discussed.Same reason as we have discussed in the bronchial pattern of the right lower lobe, the BX~*(9) and BX~*(10) of the lower lobe should be considered as a posterior ramus of B~9 and B~(10) respectively. The posterior ramus of the lateral basal bronchus (B~9c) has been found in 64% of the specimens, and that of the posterior basal (B~(10)c) in 88%. The distributive extents of the basal segmental bronchus of the left lower lobe, seems to present a tendency of more or less counterclockwise rotation, in contrast with the right lower lobe.In one-fourth of thespecimens, the mode of the branching of the basal artery ismuch more complicated than that of the basal ronchus. The prevailing pattern of thebranches of the apical segmental artery corresponds to the bronchial pattern having theformula "A~6b, A~6a+c" (30%). Similar to the basal trunk, A~(7+8) and A~(9+10) are the chiefpatterns (34%) of the branching of the basal artery. The subapical arteries (A~*) arefound in 14%; it may originate from the lateral basal artery (6%) or the posteriorbasal artery of the superior ramus of the anterior-basal subsegmental artery. Of specialinterest are the two specimens in which A~(10) is displaced upward and arises in commonwith A~6. Such an arrangement is clinically significant.The veins of the left lower lobe coincide with those of the other four lobes, mostof them are located between segments or subsegments. The venous pattern of the leftlower lobe resembles that of the right lower lobe, the left pulmonary vein received V~6and the common basal vein. The common basal veins receives two main tributaries, thesuperior and the inferior basal vein. The former is commonly formed by V~(7+8)a+V~9 and the latter by V~(10). Such instance is present in 36% of the specimens.

THE LUMBAR PLEXUS IN CHINESE / 解剖学报

The lumbar plexus was investigated on 320 sides of Chinese adults. Using the furcal nerve as a guide, the author divided the plexus into eight types. It was found that the quantity of fibers of the furcal nerve added to the lumbar plexus was more than that to the sacral plexus. This type occurred in 69.37% and was classified as Type Ⅰ.The types of composition of the nerves and the quantity of fibers which joined to form each of these nerves of the plexus have been studied.The common types of nerve constitution were as follows: the femoral nerve was composed of L_(1-4) (73.75%); the obturator nerve, of L_(2-4) (84.06%); the femoral lateral cutaneous nerve, of L_(1-2) (40.63%) or L_(2-3) (39.37%) the genito-femoral nerve, of L_(1-2)(72.19%). According to the condition of fusion or division of the iliohypogastric and ilioin-guinal nerves, three types may be classified, namely, the separate trunk type--36.87%,the common trunk type--50.63%, and the complex type--12.5%. The terminology of the accessory femoral nerve and the accessory obturator nerve has been discussed. In this series, the frequency of the accessory femoral nerve was 7.5%, while that of the accessory obturator nerve was 3.44%.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE VARIATIONS OF THE BRONCHOVASCULAR PATTERNS OF THE LEFT UPPER LOBE IN FIFTY CHINESE LUNGS / 解剖学报

The origin,arrangement and distribution of the segmental bronchi,arteries and veins of the left upper lobe of lungs have been studied in 50 adult cadavers. The prevailing picture of the bronchi,seen in 96% of the specimens,is the bifurcated type.The superior trunks of the left upper bronchi are mostly found to be divided into an apico-posterior and an anterior segmental bronchi.The patterns of the apico-posterior segmental bronchi,seen in 68% of the specimens,are found to be B~(1+3)a and B~(1+3)b. Many of the anterior segmental bronchi,occuried in about 48%,are usually found to be splitted;and these splittings look much like to be the results of shifting of B~2a.How- ever little variations are found in the lingular trunk and its two segments. The arteries supplying the left upper lobe vary in numbers from 2 to 6;but mostly 3 or 4 branches are seen and this occurs in about 82%.The first branch of them usually goes to the anterior segment,but sometimes it may go to both the anterior and the apico-posterior segments (all together in 76%).Nearly 60% of arteries supplying the anterior segment arise from the anterior part,and about 40% of them from both the anterior and the posterior parts.The majority of arteries,nearly 80%,supplying the lingular segment,arises from the posterior part;10% from the anterior;and another 10% from both the anterior and posterior parts.The level of origin of these lingular segmental arteries is usually lower than or the same as that of the apical segmental ar- teries.All together,80% are found.A great number of arteries passing through the different segments in the left upper lobe have also been recognized in 94% of the cadavers. The veins draining from the left upper lobe usually form 3 trunks,occuring in about 60%.The common picture of the apico-posterior segmental veins are found be- longing to type Ⅱ(48%). In short,many variations are found in the arteries,less so in the veins and only a few in the bronchi of the left upper lobe.As to the number,arrangement,and more distributions of the branches of the arteries,veins and bronchi,variations are seen in the apico-posterior segment,less in the anterior segment and few in the lingular seg- ment.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIGITAL TYPES IN CHINESE / 解剖学报

The variations of the distal extent of fingers were observed on 700 Chinese youths, male and female were in equal numbers. The relative lengths of the ring finger and index finger could be classified into three types. Type Ⅰ, the index was longer than the ring finger in 13.9%; type Ⅱ, the ring finger was longer than the index in 78.8%; type Ⅲ, the ring finger was of equal length with the index in 7.4%. The higher percentage of longer index was found in females than in males. Comparison was made with the reports from some other countries, and the characteristic of the longer index was found more prominent in Canadian and American males than in Chinese and Japanese males. The distance from the tip of the index or ring finger, to the level which crosses the tip of middle finger was measured. The results coincide with the above observations. Regarding the observations on the little finger, there was significant difference between males and females. The short little fingers occurred in greater numbers (74.9%) in females than in males. In comparison with the results from H. Blincoe, short little finger seems to be a physical characteristic of the Chinese females. Concerning the conditions of the relative lengths of the index, ring, and little fingers on both hands, the absolute symmetry was present in 58.3%, and complete asymmetry in only 4.6%. The incomplete symmetry and asymmetry were found to be present in 22.7% and 14.4% respectively, and significant difference was noted between males and females.