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OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of sodium ferulate （SF） on corneal endothelial dysfunction and corneal endothelial cell （CEC） injury. METHODS The male New Zealand rabbits were divided into control group， benzalkonium chloride （BAK） group and BAK+SF group， with 6 rabbits in each group. Except for control group， the other groups were given BAK into the anterior chamber to induce bullous keratopathy model， and BAK+SF group then given SF solution 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally the next day after surgery， twice a day， for consecutive 14 d. The transparency of corneal and edema of corneal stroma in each group of rabbits （before and on the 1st， 7th， and 14th day after surgery） were observed， and the corneal thickness （14th day after surgery） and intraocular pressure （1st to 14th day after surgery） were measured. On the 14th day after operation， the corneal endothelial structure was evaluated and the expressions of functionally related proteins [phalloidin， zonula occludens-1 （ZO-1）， Na+/K+-ATPase， Ki67] were detected. On the 14th day after surgery， the corneal tissue was collected in BAK group， the primary rabbit CECs were isolated and cultured， and they were divided into blank group and SF groups with different mass concentrations. The cell viabilities after being cultured for different time， and the protein expressions of Ras homologous gene family A （RhoA）， bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A （BMPR1A） and BMRP2 were determined in each group. RESULTS Compared with BAK group， the transparency of corneal and edema of corneal stroma were gradually improved， and the corneal thickness was significantly decreased in BAK+SF group （P＜0.05）. The rabbit CECs in BAK+SF group were only damaged to zone B and showed a normal hexagonal endothelial cells structure. The protein expressions of phalloidin， ZO-1， Na+/K+-ATPase and Ki67 in BAK+SF group were significantly increased （P＜0.05）. When SF concentration was lower than and equal to 200 mg/L， it could promote the proliferation of rabbit CEC， in concentration manner （P＜0.05） and time-dependent trend. SF at concentrations of 50， 100， and 200 mg/L could up-regulate the protein expressions of RhoA， BMPR1A and BMPR2 in concentration-dependent manner （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS SF can improve the transparency of corneal and edema of corneal stroma in bullous keratopathy model rabbits， reduce corneal thickness， maintain the integrity of corneal endothelium structure， and promote the recovery of corneal endothelial function； this compound can promote the proliferation of CEC， the mechanism of which may be related to the activation of RhoA-ROCK-BMP pathway.
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Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transurethral enucleation of bladder tumor(TUEBT) in the treatment of non muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Methods: The clinical and pathological data of 82 NMIBC patients treated between No-vember 2015 and January 2018 in the First Affiliated Hospital of the Jinzhou Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. The 82 NMIBC patients were divided into a TUEBT group (38 cases) and a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) group (44 cases). The differences in intraoperative indices, postoperative indices, and pathological staging between the two groups were compared. Re-sults: The bladder irrigation, indwelling catheter, and postoperative hospitalization times in the TUEBT group were (21.00 ± 3.55) h, (4.34±0.81) d, and (5.29±0.96) d, respectively, compared with (27.57±3.87) h, (5.32±0.83) d, and (6.32±0.86) d in the TURBT group, and the differences between groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The operative time in the TUEBT group [(29.55±4.13) min] was longer than in the TURBT group [(25.30±4.01) min]. The hemoglobin decrease in the TUEBT group [(2.00±0.38) g/dL] was less than that in the TURBT group [(2.30±0.32) g/dL]. The incidence of obturator nerve reflex in the TUEBT group was 13.16% (5/38), compared to 34.09% (15/44) in the TURBT group. The recurrence rate in the TUEBT group was 10.53% (4/38), compared to 29.55% (13/44) in the TURBT group. The detrusor deletion rate in the TUEBT group was 0 (0/38), compared to 31.82% (14/44) in the TURBT group. The re-peat transurethral resection (ReTUR) standard was met in 22 cases in the TUEBT group and 33 in the TURBT group. ReTUR due to lack of a detrusor was required in 0 cases in the TUEBT group and 14 in the TURBT group. The differences in the above clinical characteris-tics were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: TUEBT can remove a tumor completely, while preserving the detrusor, improv-ing the accuracy of pathological staging, and reducing the probability of ReTUR. For NMIBC, TUEBT can obtain satisfactory clinical effi-cacy, with surgical safety and long-term efficacy superior to those of TURBT.
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Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a standard treatment for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),and TACE has already been widely accepted in clinical practice.Recently,more and more researches have indicated that TACE,as a palliative therapeutic regimen,carries certain defects,e.g.after several times of TACE treatment the HCC lesions become poorly-controlled.Therefore,some scholars put forward the concept of "TACE refractory".This paper aims to make a further discussion on the concept of TACE refractory and its treatment.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of spearmint oil on emphysema-like changes and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-9) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Emphysematous changes model was induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS once a week for up to 8 weeks in rats. Rats were divided into control, dexamethasone (0.3 mg x kg(-1)), and spearmint oil (10, 30,100 mg x kg(-1)) groups. Each group was treated with saline, dexamethasone, and spearmint of oil respectively for 4 weeks. Then total and different white blood cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were carried out. The pathologic changes of lung tissue such as alveolar structure, airway inflammation, and goblet cell metaplasia were observed by HE and AB-PAS staining. Expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, TIMP-1 and MMP-9 were measured.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Both spearmint and dexamethasone decreased the destruction of pulmonary alveolus. The total and different white blood cell counts in BALF including neutrophile and lymphocyte of spearmint oil 100 mg x kg(-1) and dexamethasone group were significantly reduced, and the goblet cell metaplasia was also inhibited. Dexamethasone had inhibitory effect on the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, TIMP-1 and MMP-9. Spearmint oil 30, 100 mg x kg(-1) significantly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta respectively. Spearmint oil 10, 30 and 100 mg x kg(-1) had no effect on the expression of TIMP-1, but could decrease the expression of MMP-9 significantly in lung tissues.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Spearmint oil has protective effect on rats with emphysematous changes, since it improves alveolar destruction, pulmonary inflammation, and goblet cell metaplasia. The mechanism may include reducing TNF-alpha, IL-1beta content and inhibiting overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in lung tissues.</p>