ABSTRACT
Context: Feedback processes are intricate, generally misunderstood, hard to execute efficiently, and often fail in their goals to influence students learning. Research highlights that students usually do not value the benefits of feedback. This paper reviews the literature on the definition, purpose, and models of feedback; and on exploring why some students do not value feedback, what factors are influencing the effectiveness of feedback, and how to improve the efficacy of feedback. Evidence acquisition: The relevant articles were searched through ‘Google Scholar,’ ‘CINAHIL’ and ‘PubMed’ using the key terms- “Student feedback,” “Frameworks of feedback,” “Barriers to effective feedback,” and “Students’ perspectives on feedback.” The search criteria included: review and original research articles in the English language published in high-impact journals in the past ten years. Results: The results of different studies have illuminated diverse factors demanding the attention of educators to the effectiveness of feedback. Personal, relational, procedural, and environmental factors seem to affect the utility of feedback. To be effective, feedback should be actionable, non-judgmental, descriptive and specific, based on observable behavior, and should be given at a mutually agreeable time and place. Conclusion: The efficacy of feedback can be enhanced by creating students’ feedback literacy, addressing students’ perceptions and expectations, encouraging productive educational alliances, improving procedural elements of feedback, and environmental conditions.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Quality control of blood and its componentsensures the availability of high quality product with maximumefficacy and minimal risk to recipients. As per standardguidelines, for quality assurance of FFP, 1% of all the unitsprepared or 4 units per month are tested for stable coagulationfactors: Factor VIII and Fibrinogen levels.Material and methods: The retrospective data was collectedfrom archives of blood bank from the period of 1st January2017 to 31st December 2017 in AIMSR, Bathinda. Out oftotal 3476 units collected, 2155 were processed for componentseparation. 1.9% of Fresh Frozen plasma (41/2155) were testedfor total volume, fibrinogen content and factor VIII levels forquality control with the help of semi-automated coagulometer.Results: 97.5% of FFP samples tested had factor VIII levelsabove 0.7 IU/mL and 100% of samples had fibrinogen content>200mg/dl.Conclusion: It is concluded that quality of FFP being preparedat our blood bank meets the international standards. Regularquality evaluation and maintenance of records helps to keepup the working standards and any deficiency can be checkedand curtailed.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has become an increasingly popular technique for assessment and initial diagnosis of breast lumps as it is the least invasive technique for obtaining a cytological diagnosis and is of high accuracy if done by experienced personnel. Thyroid hormone receptors affect both the normal breast cell differentiation and breast cancer cell proliferation, with effects of thyroid hormones similar to those caused by estrogens. Relationship between thyroid disease, such as nodular hyperplasia, hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer, with breast cancer was demonstrated in several studies. In the present study, we have evaluated the correlation of cytomorphological diagnosis of breast lesions with thyroid profile. Material and Methods: Total of 80 cases were included in the study and all necessary statistical analysis was done including the percentages, means, standard deviations, ranges and p values. Results: Triiodothyronine (T3) and Tetraiiodothryronine (T4) levels were statically significantly lower among participants with malignant breast lesions as compared to benign breast lesions.(p < 0.01).However mean values of both were normal in both these groups. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels among study participants with malignant breast lesions were statistically higher than those of benign breast lesions. However mean in both these groups was within normal range. Conclusion: No significant correlation between thyroid profile and breast lesions was established. But the effect of thyroid hormone on breast cancer clearly requires further research