ABSTRACT
Objectives: To determine emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents and to define risk factors for these emotional and behavioral problems. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among selected and qualified middle and high school children, their parents and teachers. The “Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire” (SDQ) were employed with the intention to measure psychosocial problems and strengths [prosocial behavior] in children between the ages of 4-10 and adolescents ages 11-17, through a multi-informant methodology. The questionnaire consists of 25 items equally divided across five scales measuring: 1) emotional symptoms; 2) conduct problems; 3) hyperactivity-inattention; 4) peer problems; and 5) prosocial behavior. Except for the prosocial scale, the combined scale [i.e. Total Score] reflects total difficulties, indicating the severity and content of the psychosocial problems. The prosocial scale indicates the amount of prosocial characteristics child displays. Results: In the SDQ questionnaires answered by parents, we obtained the following scores: 27.4% for emotional symptoms, 28.2% for conduct disorders, 20.4% for hyperactivity, 81.4% for interpersonal relationships, and 43.3% as the Total Score. In the SDQ questionnaires answered by teachers, we obtained high scorings such as 8.9% for emotional symptoms, 20.2% for conduct disorders, 13.4% for hyperactivity, 47.6% for interpersonal relationships and a Total Score of 33.4%. In the SDQ questionnaires answered by the adolescents themselves, we obtained scorings such as: 10.0% for emotional symptoms, 10.2% for conduct disorders, 18.8% for hyperactivity, 14.6% for interpersonal relationships, and 16.3% as the Total Score. Conclusion: Mongolian adolescents were found to have emotional and behavioral problems as evidenced by the Total Scores of parents, i.e. 43.3%; by teachers, 33.4%; and self-report 16.3%, respectively. The SDQ confirmed that an adolescent’s age, gender, family environment and living areas will influence their emotional and behavioral well-being.
ABSTRACT
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the leading cause of visual impairment in people with diabetes mellitus. Last few years, as a result of the introduction of the latest diagnostic technology and new treatment managements in our practice, we were able to diagnose and treat patients with DME at a qualitatively new level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate central retinal subfield thickness (CRST) on Cirrus OCT™ in patients with diabetes mellitus but minimal or no retinopathy. Our study was aimed to evaluate central retinal subfield thickness in patients with diabetes mellitus but minimal or no retinopathyThis cross-sectional study were included 101 patients (189 eyes) with diabetes mellitus with no or minimal diabetic retinopathy and no central retinal thickening on clinical examination and on a Cirrus™ (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) optical coherence tomography (OCT). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. All study participants provided written informed consent before entering the study. The investigators assessed the BCVA using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity testing chart, and the stereoscopic color fundus photography was performed by the fundus camer VX-10 (Kowa Company, Ltd, Nagya, Japan) and CRST were measured by the Cirrus OCT™ (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) for all patients. The main outcome measurement was central retinal subfield thickness fast macular scan on Cirrus OCT™.The study enrolled 101 patients. Average age was 52.94±9.85 years, 54% were men and 46% women. Type 1 diabetes was present in 2.1% and type 2 in 97.9% participants. The average duration of diabetes was 6.03±4.94 years, mean HbA1c was 10.23±2.97 and ETDRS BCVA was 78.32±8.47 letter score. On average, central subfield thickness was 251.26±21.23 µm. Central subfield thickness was significantly greater in retinas from men than retinas from women participants (mean 256.12±22.27 µm versus 245.56±18.49 µm, p=0.001). The proportion of participants with a CRST <200 µm were 1.1%, 201-250 µm 43.9%, 251-270 µm 37.6% and ≥271 µm 17.5% respectively.The average central subfield thickness on Cirrus OCT™ in patients with diabetes mellitus and minimal or no retinopathy are were 251.26±21.23 µm. Central subfield thickness is greater in men than in women.
ABSTRACT
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the leading cause of visual impairment in people with diabetes mellitus. Last few years, as a result of the introduction of the latest diagnostic technology and new treatment managements in our practice, we were able to diagnose and treat patients with DME at a qualitatively new level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate central retinal subfield thickness (CRST) on Cirrus OCT™ in patients with diabetes mellitus but minimal or no retinopathy. Our study was aimed to evaluate central retinal subfield thickness in patients with diabetes mellitus but minimal or no retinopathy This cross-sectional study were included 101 patients (189 eyes) with diabetes mellitus with no or minimal diabetic retinopathy and no central retinal thickening on clinical examination and on a Cirrus™ (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) optical coherence tomography (OCT). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. All study participants provided written informed consent before entering the study. The investigators assessed the BCVA using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity testing chart, and the stereoscopic color fundus photography was performed by the fundus camer VX-10 (Kowa Company, Ltd, Nagya, Japan) and CRST were measured by the Cirrus OCT™ (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) for all patients. The main outcome measurement was central retinal subfield thickness fast macular scan on Cirrus OCT™. The study enrolled 101 patients. Average age was 52.94±9.85 years, 54% were men and 46% women. Type 1 diabetes was present in 2.1% and type 2 in 97.9% participants. The average duration of diabetes was 6.03±4.94 years, mean HbA1c was 10.23±2.97 and ETDRS BCVA was 78.32±8.47 letter score. On average, central subfield thickness was 251.26±21.23 µm. Central subfield thickness was significantly greater in retinas from men than retinas from women participants (mean 256.12±22.27 µm versus 245.56±18.49 µm, p=0.001). The proportion of participants with a CRST <200 µm were 1.1%, 201-250 µm 43.9%, 251-270 µm 37.6% and ≥271 µm 17.5% respectively. The average central subfield thickness on Cirrus OCT™ in patients with diabetes mellitus and minimal or no retinopathy are were 251.26±21.23 µm. Central subfield thickness is greater in men than in women.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Excessive use of salt lead to development of noncommunicable diseases, especially to hypertension [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].The WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020 (Geneva, 2012) called for a reduction of population salt intake by 30 percent by 2025 [13, 14, 15, 15, 16, 17]. There was no any data on salt content collected under the fourth National Survey on Nutrition 2010 and the STEPS survey on the prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors 2005, 2009 and 2013. Thus, this is first time ever, the detailed data on salt content was collected and analysed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty two food production and food handling organizations were enrolled during 2011-2012 through crosssectional survey. In total, 251 samples from 43 types of meals were tested NaCI ion by titer method in the laboratory of National Center of Public Health and statistical analysis were done by running SPSS package, Version 19. The ethical approval has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health in 2011 (Resolution No. 14). RESULTS: An average content of salt was 0.94 g/100 g (SD 0.42, 95%CI 0.90-1.00) in the commonly used meals from mass catering services. For example, soup has content of 0.86 g/100 ml (SD 0.23, 95%CI 0.81-0.91) of salt; fried meal has 1.03 g (SD 0.41, 95% CI 0.95-1.12); buuz – meat dumpling, khuushuur- fried meat dumpling, buns, pirojki –russian fried dumpling, fried sausage, hot dog, hamburger, pizza and other fast food -1.12 g/100 g (SD 0.34, 95%CI 0.93-1.14); vegetable salad and meat snacks 0.90 g/100 g (SD 0.62, 95%CI 0.77-1.18); tea -0.69 g/100 ml (SD 0.50, 95%CI 0.49-0.92) of salt. CONCLUSIONS: Eighty five percent of Mongolian commonly consumed food were classified as ”high salt” content. Mongolian meal recipes for mass catering services that 1 portion of meal contains 1 g salt. The study results will serve as an evidence-based recommendations to further revision of the current recipes. Thus, it is important to renew a salt content in 100 g of foods based on international recommendations.