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An HPLC method was established for the assay of epinephrine sulfonate (impurity F) in epinephrine injection. The determination was performed on an AQUASIL C18 (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) column with a gradient elution system, and the mobile phase was consisted of monopotassium phosphate solution (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B). The injection volume was 40 μL. The detection wavelength was at 210 nm and the column temperature was 25 ℃. The total analytical time was 40 min. The results showed that the standard cure of epinephrine sulfonate (impurity F) between peak area and concentration exhibited good linear relationship within the ranges of 0.520-12.480 μg·mL-1 and the R2 = 0.999 8. The average recovery rate was 103.04% and the RSD was 2.00%. The limit concentration of detection was 0.104 μg·mL-1 and the limit concentration of quantitation was 0.520 μg·mL-1. The method could be applied to the determination of epinephrine sulfonate in epinephrine injection with high accuracy and precision, as well as good sensitivity. It could also enhance the quality standards of epinephrine-related products.
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Photoacoustic imaging is a kind of non-invasive technology without ionizing radiation that can be used to image optical absorbers in tumor tissues according to the principle of "light in and sound out". It has the advantages of high contrast of optical imaging as well as high penetrability of acoustic imaging. However, current researches on photoacoustic imaging are still limited in the laboratory. This technology can be used for detection of cutaneous melanoma in situ and non-melanoma skin cancer, sentinel lymph node imaging, detection and eradication of circulating tumor cells by combining real-time laser ablation technique, and versatile imaging and treatment with the aid of exogenous imaging agents. This review summarizes preclinical experiments about photoacoustic imaging technology in skin tumors, with a view to promoting its clinical application at an early date.
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Objective@#To understand the HIV and syphilis infection and related treatment status of low-fee female sex workers (FSWs) in 3 provinces of China.@*Methods@#Four cross-sectional survey data of low-fee FSWs from six cities (counties) in Guangxi, Yunnan and Hunan Province between October 2012 and July 2015 were obtained from the national science and technology major special project intervention study for reducing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in low-fee FSWs' database, which included social demographic characteristics, sexual service characteristics and related medical care seeking behaviors, etc. A total of 2 050 subjects were included in the database.@*Results@#The age of the subjects was (35.16±9.76) years old, with a minimum age of 15 and a maximum age of 67. Those who use condoms every time in commercial sex accounted for 58.9% (n=1 206). Among the reasons of not using condom, the proportion of client reluctant to use was the highest (81.0% (n=682)). Only 38.1% (n=782) was tested for HIV in the last six months. HIV confirmed positive rate was 6.8% (n=139), previous positive accounts for 76.3% (n=106). Rate of antiviral therapy was 55.4% (n=77). By the end of 2015, the loss rate of antivirus treatment was 18.2% (n=14). Those who self-reported symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases in the last 6 months accounted for 9.4% (n=191). 50.3% (n=96) of reporters chose to go to formal hospitals, 23.0% (n=44) chose to go to private clinics and 20.4% (n=39) chose their own medication. The syphilis infection rate was 13.5% (n=277), among them, 91.3% (n=253) were asymptomatic.@*Conclusion@#Among low-fee FSWs, the rates of HIV and syphilis infection are higher, the condom consistent use rate, HIV antibodies and syphilis test rate are lower. In this group, active seeking medical idea is poor, the rate of anti-virus treatment and the rate of seeking medical treatment in formal medical institutions is low.
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Objective To investigate the changes of proportion on both consistent condom use and syphilis infection among low-fee female sex workers aged 35 and above (LFSW),in order to provide evidence for targeted intervention strategies.Methods A total of six cities-Liuzhou city and Pingnan couty of Guigang city of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Jinghong city of Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture and Dali city of Dali Bai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province,Zhangjiajie city and Jianghua Yao autonomous county of Yongzhou city Hunan province were involved in this study,with 60 eligible participants needed in each city,estimated through a pre-study.The first cross-sectional survey was completed from October 2012 to January 2013.Face-to-face questionnaire interview was carried out to collect information on socio-demography,work-related information and condom use situation.Blood was collected for syphilis testing.The second cross-sectional survey was carried out from June to September,2015 under the same procedure.Results A total of 371 and 403 eligible participants were included in the first and second survey,respectively.When comparing the two surveys,we noticed that the average age showed a slight change,from 42.4 years to 43.8 years old (t=3.537,P＜0.001) and the average price for every commercial sex exchange increased from 36.8 RMB to 49.5 RMB (t=11.961,P＜0.001).In the first survey,46.9％ (174/371) of the participants had more than two years of experience working as LFSW,compared to 61.3％ (247/403) in the second survcy (x2=16.125,P＜0.001).Also,46.9％ (174/371) of the participants consistently used condoms with clients in the past month in the first survey versus 64.3％ (259/403) (x2=23.641,P＜0.001) in the second one.Rates of syphilis infection were found from 15.9％ (59/371) in the first survey reduced to 7.2％ (29/403) in the second survey (x2=14.533,P＜0.001).Conclusion Compared with the first survey,the proportion of consistent condoms use showed an increase.Although the proportion of syphilis infection decreased in the second survey,the scope did not meet the criteria on syphilis,set by the government.Targeted intervention strategies on condom promotion and syphilis control should be implemented consistently in this population.
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Objective To investigate the changes of proportion on both consistent condom use and syphilis infection among low-fee female sex workers aged 35 and above (LFSW),in order to provide evidence for targeted intervention strategies.Methods A total of six cities-Liuzhou city and Pingnan couty of Guigang city of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Jinghong city of Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture and Dali city of Dali Bai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province,Zhangjiajie city and Jianghua Yao autonomous county of Yongzhou city Hunan province were involved in this study,with 60 eligible participants needed in each city,estimated through a pre-study.The first cross-sectional survey was completed from October 2012 to January 2013.Face-to-face questionnaire interview was carried out to collect information on socio-demography,work-related information and condom use situation.Blood was collected for syphilis testing.The second cross-sectional survey was carried out from June to September,2015 under the same procedure.Results A total of 371 and 403 eligible participants were included in the first and second survey,respectively.When comparing the two surveys,we noticed that the average age showed a slight change,from 42.4 years to 43.8 years old (t=3.537,P＜0.001) and the average price for every commercial sex exchange increased from 36.8 RMB to 49.5 RMB (t=11.961,P＜0.001).In the first survey,46.9％ (174/371) of the participants had more than two years of experience working as LFSW,compared to 61.3％ (247/403) in the second survcy (x2=16.125,P＜0.001).Also,46.9％ (174/371) of the participants consistently used condoms with clients in the past month in the first survey versus 64.3％ (259/403) (x2=23.641,P＜0.001) in the second one.Rates of syphilis infection were found from 15.9％ (59/371) in the first survey reduced to 7.2％ (29/403) in the second survey (x2=14.533,P＜0.001).Conclusion Compared with the first survey,the proportion of consistent condoms use showed an increase.Although the proportion of syphilis infection decreased in the second survey,the scope did not meet the criteria on syphilis,set by the government.Targeted intervention strategies on condom promotion and syphilis control should be implemented consistently in this population.
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AIM To investigate the protective effects of Dahuang Zhechong (DHZC) Pills (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma,Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga,Hirudo,etc.) against alcoholic liver fibrosis (ALF) injury in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms.METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were used to build up ALF injury model,intervened with DHZC Pills.The serum of mice was examined for changes in alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),interleukin-6 (IL-6),interleukin-10 (IL-10),interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).Simultaneously,the deposit of collagen 1 (COL-1) and apoptotic cell death in liver tissues were analyzed by immunofluorescent and TUNEL assay,respectively.The expressions of cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) in livers were measured by Western blot.RESULTS Compared with the model group,the levels of serum ALT,AST,IL-6,IFN-γand TNF-α of mice in DHZC group were decreased significantly.And the level of serum IL-10 of mice in DHZC group was increased significantly.Mice in DHZC group had higher rates of COL-1 deposition and apoptotic cell death in liver tissues than those in the model group.Mice treated with DHZC Pills showed lower expression of CC3.CONCLUSION DHZC Pills confers protection against ALF injury in mice by inhibiting the generation of COL-1 and down-regulating apoptosis of liver cells death as a result of adjusting the levels of inflammatory factors.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Mineral and bone disorder (MBD), especially hyperphosphatemia, is an independently risk factor for adverse prognosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, CKD-MBD among Chinese population was poorly studied. This study aimed to investigate the status of MBD and its association with cardiovascular parameters in Chinese patients with predialysis CKD.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease (C-STRIDE) is a prospective multicenter cohort study involving predialysis CKD patients in China. Markers of MBD, including serum phosphorus, calcium, and intact parathyroid hormone, were measured in baseline samples at the patients' entry. The association between serum phosphorus and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were examined by logistic regression models.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Altogether 3194 predialysis patients with mean estimated glomerular filtration of 51.8 ± 33.1 ml.min-1.1.73 m-2 were included. The proportion of patients with hyperphosphatemia were 2.6%, 2.9%, 6.8%, and 27.1% in CKD Stages 3a, 3b, 4, and 5, respectively. Moreover, 71.6% of the patients with hyperphosphatemia did not receive any phosphate-binder (PB). Lateral abdominal X-rays were obtained in 2280 patients, 9.8% of the patients were diagnosed as having AAC. Altogether 2219 patients had data of echocardiography, and 13.2% of them were diagnosed with LVH. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum phosphorus was independently associated with the presence of AAC and LVH.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In Chinese patients with CKD, the percentage of hyperphosphatemia is comparable to that of other countries while the usage of PBs is suboptimal. The prevalence of vascular calcification in Chinese patients is relatively lower compared with the Caucasian population.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder , Blood , Metabolism , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Physiology , Hyperphosphatemia , Blood , Metabolism , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular , Blood , Metabolism , Logistic Models , Phosphorus , Blood , Prospective Studies , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Blood , Metabolism , Vascular Calcification , Blood , MetabolismABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the implementation of intervention programs targeted on AIDS high risk sexual transmission groups since 2008,when the relative prevention and control information systems on HIV/AIDS were developed.Methods Data from both aggregated interventions and sentinel surveillance programs from 2008 to the end of 2014 were used.Descriptive statistics were performed to analyze the trends of implementation on high risk groups including men who have sex with men,female sex workers (FSW) and migrant workers.Results From 2008 to 2012,the monthly average numbers receiving intervention programs and the average monthly coverage rate on intervention for MSM,increased from 49000 to 252000,and from 8.6％ to 78.5％ respectively.The FSW related indicators increased from 329 000 to 625 000,and from 30.9％ to 87.0％ respectively.Above indexes on the two populations had dropped slightly in 2013 and 2014.Sentinel surveillance data showed that knowledge and behavior indicators observed from the MSM and FSW populations increased annually.The coverage of intervention programs on migrant workers increased from 4.7％ to almost 10.0％,but the surveillance data on migrant men showed that the knowledge and behavior indicators were still lower than the other high-risk groups.Conclusion Intervention related to sexual transmission on HIV/AIDS among high-risk populations were effectively implemented,with some achievements seen.However,as sexual contact currently became the main route of AIDS epidemic,new challenges called for serious attention.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Face-to-face interview (FTFI) and polling booth survey (PBS) were applied to compare the high risk behavior among HIV-positive clients of female sex workers (CFSWs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study was conducted in antiretroviral therapy (ART) out-patients centers in Hengyang city, where clients who had been informed on their HIV-positive status for 6 months or longer were recruited. FTFI was first used to tackle on 8 sensitive questions related to sexual behavior, followed by PBS to poke on the same questions. Results from FTFI and PBS were then compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with FIFI, results in the PBS showed higher proportion of participants who reported "having had history of sexually transmitted diseases before knowing that they were infected with HIV" (40.6% vs. 24.2%) but lower proportions on "frequency of having sex with regular sexual partner less than 4 times per month" and "using condoms consistently with regular sexual partners in past 6 months (44.4% vs. 63.0%)". There were no significant differences in the remaining 5 questions shown in the results from the two methods.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIV-positive CFSWs continued to practice unsafe sexual behaviors after knowing their HIV related status. Compared with FTFI, PBS seemed to have revealed higher proportion of unsafe sex behaviors, so as to generated more reliable data. While comparing with PBS, the traditional FTFI might have underestimated the risk behaviors among those HIV-positive CFSWs.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , Condoms , Data Collection , Methods , HIV Seropositivity , Reproducibility of Results , Risk-Taking , Sex Work , Sex Workers , Sexual Behavior , Psychology , Sexual Partners , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Epidemiology , Unsafe Sex , PsychologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the associated factors on loss to follow-up among men who have sex with men (MSM) in a prospective cohort study.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We recruited eligible HIV-negative MSM at baseline in eight cities from June to October 2009. Interviewer-administrated questionnaire and blood testings for HIV, syphilis and human simplex virus type 2, were accomplished upon enrollment, 6-month and 12-month follow-up visits in the program. Loss to follow-up was recorded at each visit in this cohort. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were conducted to examine the associated factors on loss to follow-up.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 3196 eligible MSM were enrolled at the baseline study. During one year of follow-up, 894 (28.0%) of them dropped out thoroughly while 2302 (72.1%) showed up at least on one visit. Factors as MSM who were at age 25 or younger, resided locally less than 1 year, being unemployed, self-recognized as heterosexuality or bisexuality, never taking HIV testing in the past year, having had sex with women in the past 6 months etc., were more likely to withdraw from the follow-up visits. Conclusion Age, length of residency, sex orientation and history of HIV testing were associated with the loss of follow-up among MSM cohort in our study. These factors should be considered in this kind of study design in the future.</p>
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Adult , Humans , Male , Bisexuality , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Homosexuality, Male , Prospective Studies , Sexual BehaviorABSTRACT
In this study, Streptomyces avermitilis Bjbm0006 which produces four avermectin B components was used as an original test strain. A replacement plasmid containing a gene cluster bkdAB (branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase gene) involved in the biosynthesis of avermectin B in S. avermitilis Bjbm0006 was constructed by means of PCR technique and then named as pHJ5821 (pHZ1358::bkdAB&erm). A recombinant strain Bjbm5821 was obtained after the gene cluster was interrupted by double crossover. This strain was tested in laboratory conditions and analysed by PCR using the total DNA as template. The HPLC analysis showed that the strain Bjbm5821 synthesized the same 'a' components Bla and B2a as the original strain did. However, It lost the ability for the production of 'b'components for example B1b and B2b. A novel compound was detected in fermentation products. The results of present study suggests that the production of gene cluster bkdAB may play a main role similar to alpha-ketoisovaleric acid dehydrogenase in the pathway of avermectin synthesis.
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3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide) , Genetics , Ivermectin , Metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Genetics , Streptomyces , GeneticsABSTRACT
Objective To explore a more reasonable and effective therapeutic regimen and evaluate prognostic factors in hepatoblastoma patients after combined therapy.Methods Sixteen patients diagnosed on hepatoblastoma between Jan.2000 and Nov.2007 were reviewed and followed-up.Resection with chemotherapy was taken among 16 cases.Chemotherapy included pre-operation and post-operation.Five cases were cured by transcatheter arterial chemombolization(TACE).Six cases were cured by single chemotherapy(both TACE and single chemotherapy were taken in 2 cases).Five cases weren't cured by pre-operation chemotherapy.Nine cases were subjected to curative resection,3 cases to alleviative resection,2 cases with single chemotherapy,1 case with single TACE,and 1 case refused operation and left hospital.Their mean survival duration was 13.5 months(3-98 months).SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results The total survival rate of cases as stage Ⅳ as lower than cases as stage Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅲ.Both alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)100 000 ?g/L cases had worse survival rate.The prognosis of mixed type was better than fetal type,embryonal type and anaplasia type.The survival rate of cases with standard chemotherapy was higher than cases with unstandard chemotherapy.And the surgical resection cases had better survival chance than non-surgical resection cases.The survival rate of surgical residual cases was worse than non-surgical residual cases.Conclusions Chemotherapy can improve the total survival rate and long-term survival rate of hepatoblastoma patients.TACE is a safe and effective choice for hepatoblastoma patients.We need to be alert and make the diagnosis as early as possibe,and treat it early and properly.
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In this mini review,some research advance on Marinomonas from domestic and overseas was briefly summarized,mainly including of its classification、ecological distribution、functional genes and bioactive molecules.Furthermore,some suggestion and perspectives for further studies on Marinomonas were also proposed.
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A marine bacterium MWYL1,originally isolated from the roots of Spartina anglica growing in a salt marsh near seaside,was identified as a member of the genus of Marinomonas via morphology characterization、physiological test and 16S rDNA sequencing and Blast analysis.The strain was short,rod,gram-negative,grew aerobically and optimally at 28℃.The analysis of 16S rDNA sequence suggests that the sequence similarity values are 97% and 95% with Marinomonas pontica and Marinomonas dokdonensis,respectively.One fosmid clone producing melanin was directly isolated by plating from the genomic library of Marinomonas MWYL1.The novel functional gene cluster involved in melanin biosynthesis was screened after subcloning and sequencing of the 14kb insert in pUC18,further more,the putative functional genes was preminary analyzed using bioinformatics.