Which vessel, the artery or the vein is more important in vascular supercharge: an investigation of vascular changes on rat abdominal supercharging flap models / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The study was to reveal the vascular changes in three different supercharging flap models. From this study, we want to investigate which vessel, the artery or the vein is more important in elongating perforator flap survival and why.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve rats were divided into three experimental groups. The left side flaps in all groups were pedicle using xiphoid perforator as control group. The right side flaps were supercharging experimental group. Group I, flap supercharged based on artery and vein of pubis perforator. Group II, flaps supercharged based on artery of pubis perforator. Group III, flaps supercharged based on vein of pubis perforator. Near-infrared fluorescent angiography was performed using SPY imaging system pre-and-aft operation and all angiography videos were compared and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Showed in angiography video of SPY, in control group and vein supercharging group, blood supply could be observed the immediately reducing, and almost be disappeared the amount of perfusion to distal area. It shows relatively constant necrosis in the distal side of control group and vein supercharging group, and the necrosis of vein supercharging group smaller than these of control group. In artery, vein supercharging group and artery supercharging group, blood perfusion could be observed separately perfusion in the upper and low area of flap. There are complete survival showed on the artery supercharging group and artery and vein supercharging group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These findings indicated that congestive flap necrosis attribute to insufficiency of arterial blood. Arterial inflow was demonstrated more important for improved survival of distal flap than venous outflow.</p>

Penile augmentation and elongation using autologous dermal-fat strip grafting / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of autologous dermal-fat strip grafting in penile augmentation and elongation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From May 2004 to December 2010, 24 patients underwent penile enhancement with free dermal-fat strip grafting. Through suprapubic incision, the superior suspensory ligament and part deep suspensory ligament are cutted off to lengthen the penis. The resulted dead space is filled with the autologous dermal-fat strip (6.0-9.5 cm in length, 1.2-1.5 cm in width and 0.6-0.8 cm in depth) to enhance the penis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Primary healing was achieved in 23 cases. Incisional fat liquefaction happened in one case which healed after dressing change. The penile appearance was satisfactory both at rest or erection. The penile length and circumference increased by 2.5-4.8 cm (average, 3.2 cm) and 1.8-3.0 cm (average, 2.4 cm), respectively. 18 patients were followed up for 3 months to 5 years. All the patients were satisfactory on the cosmetic and functional results. No complication happened.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It is safe and effective for penile augmention and elongation with autologous dermal-fat strip grafting and disconnection of penile suspensory ligament.</p>

Application of tunica vaginalis flap for multi-fistulas after urethroplasty in hypospadias / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discussed a new technique for multi-fistulas after urethroplasty in hypospadias.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>8 cases with postoperative multi-fistulas, which were not successfully repaired by previous treatment, were reoperated with tunica vaginalis flap combined with urethral stent and elastic dressing. The multi-fistulas were located between glan and scrotum. The number of fistulas was 3-7 (median, 5).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Primary healing was achieved in all the 8 cases. The micturition and esthetic result were satisfied. 5 cases were followed up for 8-10 months with no recurrence of fistula. There was also no dysuria and penile curvature.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Tunica vaginalis flap combined with urethral stent and elastic dressing is an effective technique for multi-fistulas after urethroplasty. It is easily performed with reliable result.</p>

Application of temporal-zygomatic expanded flaps pedicled with orbicularis oculi muscle for sub-orbital defects / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the therapeutic effect of temporal-zygomatic expanded flaps pedicled with orbicularis oculi muscle (00M) for sub-orbital defects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>16 cases with sub-orbital defects were treated. The expanders were implanted at temporal-zygomatic region at the first stage. At the second stage, temporal-zygomatic expanded flaps pedicled with OOM were designed and transferred to repair the suborbital defects.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the expanded flaps survived completely. 11 cases were followed up for 3 months to 3 years. The flaps had no contracture with a good match of color and texture with surrounding tissue. The scar was also inconspicious.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The temporal-zygomatic expanded flaps can be used for large size defects below orbit. It is very flexible, leaving minimal morbidity for the whole face.</p>

Application of tissue granule of oral mucous in plastic surgery / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the application of tissue granule of oral mucous in plastic surgery.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Tissue granule of oral mucous was placed on glutin sponge and they were used for urethral (12 cases) and vaginal (14 cases) reconstruction in 26 cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Satisfactory results were achieved in 24 cases. One case of urethral fistula and one case of urethral meatus stricture were happened. The two cases underwent secondary operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Tissue granule of oral mucous membrane is good supply for repairing mucous defect. It has the advantages of high growth and survival rate, and less shrinkage. It is useful for urethral or vaginal reconstruction which are covered with mucous membrane.</p>

Staged treatment of the severe hypospadias in adult / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To report the treatment of serious hypospadias in adults with free graft of tubed mouth mucosa and scrotal fascia flaps.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The tubed mouth mucosa was free grafted to fabricate the distal segment of urethra. It was anastomosed to the urethra at the second stage. The scrotal fascia flap was used to cover the penile wound. The biggest flap was 3 cm in width and 6.5 cm in length.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From Jan. 2002 to Dec. 2007, 76 adults with severe hypospadias were treated. Infection happened in 4 cases. 2 cases had urethral fistula due to the partial flap necrosis which was healed automatically within 2-4 weeks. All the other patients healed primarily.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It is a good method for the treatment of serious hypospadias in adults with scrotal fascia flaps and free graft of tubed mouth mucosa which is anastomosed to the urethra at the second stage.</p>

Clinical application of expanded submental island flap in facial soft tissue defect / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the application of the expanded submental island flap in facial soft tissue defect.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>12 patients with facial soft tissue defects were treated with the expanded submental island flaps during September 2004 to September 2008. At the first stage, soft tissue expander was implanted in the neck. At the second stage, the submental island flap was designed to repair the facial soft tissue defect. The largest size of the flap was about 16 cm x 9 cm.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>All flaps survived well except for one case of partial epidermal necrosis at the distal part of the flap. The wound healed with dressing. 4 patients were followed up for 6-24 months with satisfactory results.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The submental artery was a constant branch of facial artery. Large cervical flap with high quality tissue can be provided after expansion. The expanded submental island flap is a good choice for repairing the facial soft tissue defect.</p>

Partial glossectomy assisted with temperature-controlled radiofrequency for treating macroglossia / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical efficacy of partial glossectomy assisted with temperature-controlled radiofrequency for treating macroglossia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>There were 4 patients performed this procedure. We took a rhombus shape incision in the middle of the tongue and performed a wedge excision.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mouth can close entirely in all of patients and there weren' t hemorrhage and obviously swollen; Tongue's sensory function hadn't disturbance. Masticate function were normal. One patient still had the symptom that tongue lied outside the oral cavity occasionally after operation. The symptom was disappeared after Temperature-controlled radiofrequency (TCRF) ablation. All of patients' parent were satisfied with the results.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Partial glossectomy assisted with temperature-controlled radiofrequency for treating macroglossia is an effective, much safer and less invasive procedure without obvious adverse reactions. There are better prospects for applying.</p>

A rhombus shape excision of the soft palate to treat obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore a surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>12 cases were treated during the period from Jan 1998 to Aug 2006. Partial soft palate was resected in rhombus shape from the middle to shorten the soft palate and enlarge the pharyngeal cavity. The uvula was reserved.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patients were followed up for six months to five years. There was no complication. Good results were achieved in 9 patients. 2 cases got some kind of improvement. No improvement happened in one case who received a partial tongue resection later.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A rhombus shape excision of the soft palate from the middle is effective for the treatment of OSAHS with few complication.</p>

New concept of the treatment for redundant prepuce / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Literatures on the development and function of prepuce was reviewed. To compare the merit and demerit of treatment for redundant prepuce by conventional circumcision or by removing the root skin of the penis. To investigate the ideal method and time of treatment for redundant prepuce.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The extended length of the penis and the extended skin of penis were carefully measured and the excess skin at the root of the penis was removed from the surface of Colle's fascia. Then the remaining distal skin was drew back to suture to the root of the penis. As for the cases complicated with stenosis of prepuce, longitudinal incision was performed along the constricted area to release stenosis, followed by transverse closure of the wound.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>110 adult cases of simple redundant prepuce and 40 cases complicated with stenosis were treated by this way. Functional and cosmetic results were achieved without any complications in all cases. All patients were satisfied with the result.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Removal of the excess skin at the root of the penis should be preferred to the conventional circumcision for treatment of redundant prepuce. The ideal time for intervention is at or after adolescence, when the prepuce has developed maturely. Non-operative methods should be taken to treat phimosis and adherent prepuce before adolescence.</p>

Treatment of the congenital exstrophy of bladder / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To sum up the methods repairing the congenital bladder exstrophy, and to evaluate the value of the abdominal fascial flap and the lower abdominal skin flap, the tensor fascia lata musculocutaneous flap treating the bladder exstrophy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The abdominal rectus sheath and the fascia flap of obliquus externus abdominal and the lower abdominal skin flap, or the tensor fascia lata musculocutaneous flap were used to repair the abdominal wall defection, meanwhile repair the epispadias. The maximum field of the musculocutaneous flaps was 8 cm x 10 cm.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>12 cases were cured. The bladder exstrophy and the abdominal wall defection were repaired very well. The musculus sphincter bladder neck was reconstructed. After the second operation, the cases could urinate under self-control. 2 skin flaps of 8 musculocutaneous flaps were necrosis and cured by skin grafting.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Using the abdominal fascial flap and the lower abdominal skin flap, or the tensor fascia lata musculocutaneous flap, is feasible for repairing the bladder exstrophy and the lower abdominal wall defection. The continuous of the musculus sphincter bladder were renewed, and then the patients could urinate under self-control. When the ischemia of the musculocutaneous flaps had occurred, the tensor fascial was survived well.</p>

An experimental study on the culture of human oral mucosa epithelium using autologous serum / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the biological properties of cultured human oral mucosa epithelium using autologous serum in order to provide a new material for tissue engineering urethra.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cultured oral mucosa epithelium was respectively transplanted beneath the skin, above the deep fascia and in the wound of the athymic mice. The specimens were taken at 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks posttransplantation, and processed for (1) immunofluorescence anti-HLA staining to determine graft acceptance, and (2) anti-human IV collagen and antihuman laminin immunohistochemical staining procedures to indicate the basement membrane formation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the grafts survived and grew very well. The grafts were positive to anti-HLA. Collagen type IV and laminin were detected at the dermo-epidermal junction in all groups from day 14, and increasing in density up to day 21.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>he cultured human oral mucosa epithelium by autologous serum could develop an excellent functional epithelium tissue, which would be used to reconstruct urethra and repair wound.</p>

Combination of multiple procedures to repair of severe lower eyelid ectropion / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Lower eyelid ectropion is one of the most severe complications following lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Combination of multiple procedures was used to repair this deformity and the results were observed.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Severe lower eyelid ectropion following blepharoplasty was repaired with the combination method of multiple procedures, including transferring the island forehead flap, buried guiding suture of the lower eyelid skin to orbital periosteum and horizontal lid-shortening. 10 patients (15 eyelids) with lower eyelid ectropion after blepharoplasty were treated with the above method from Mar 2001 to Mar 2004.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The lower eyelid ectropion was repaired effectively. All the patients were satisfied with the results.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The combination method of multiple procedures was an effective method for severe lower eyelid ectropion.</p>

Reconstruction of the mentum in the surgical management of cervical scar contracture / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of the reconstruction of the mentum with cervical tissue flaps in the surgical management of postburn cervical scar contracture.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirteen postburn patients with severe cervical scar contracture and mental deformity were enrolled in the study. The platysma flap (3 cases), scar tissue flap (6 cases) and cervical deep fascia tissue flap (3 cases), with the pedicle containing the facial and the superior thyroidal artery, were turned upwards to replenish mental soft tissue, and to form new mentum and sulcus mentolabialis. The cervical scars were repaired with expanded flap (11 cases), free flap (1 case) or trapezius muscular flap.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The post-operative cervical configuration was found to be good, and the tissue flaps for mental reconstruction healed satisfactorily. Ten patients were followed-up for 6 to 24 months. All flaps were successful and achieved good results, except that scar formation was found in the cervical linear incision in 4 patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Transfer of the platysma flaps, scar tissue flaps, or deep cervical fascial flaps for the reconstruction of cervical scar were simple and effective. The use of cervical scar tissue flaps could not only loose the constructed scar, but also beneficial in rectifying the configuration of the chin.</p>

Repair of facial defect with expanded skin flap from medial upper arm / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the blood supply of the expanded skin flap from medial upper arm and its application on the reparation of facial defect due to scar resection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The operation was carried out for three steps: 1) The expander was embed under the superior proper fascia. 2) The skin flap from medial upper arm was created with superior ulnar collateral artery as blood supply and attributive branches of basilic and axillary veins as blood collection and was grafted onto the facial defect. 3). After being separated from donor site, the skin flap was employed to cover the facial defect with maximal area of 15 x 10 cm(2).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seven patients in all with facial scar and defects were managed with the skin flap. All the grafted skin flaps survived at last with nearly normal skin color, texture and contour. And the scar in donor sites seemed to be neglectable.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Reparation of facial defects with medial upper arm skin flap after expanding could be recommended. But longer treatment time and some obsessive action of upper limbs and head might be disadvantages.</p>

Using scar tissue flap to repair secondary nasal deformities of unilateral cleft lip / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To introduce the clinical application of the upper lip scar tissue flap in correcting secondary nasal deformities of unilateral cleft lip.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two types of the upper lip scar tissue flap were developed in correcting nasal deformities with Millard's technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The procedure was performed on 51 patients. All the scar tissue flaps survived completely. The deformities were better corrected than before.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The scar tissue flap has adequate blood supply. This procedure is routinely combined with other commonly used techniques to correct secondary deformities of cleft lip. It is particularly applicable for repairing the nasal deformity when usable tissue is not enough.</p>

Penile reconstruction by using a scapular free flap / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the scapular free flap for penile reconstruction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Six patients with penile loss were reconstructed by transferring a scapular free flap with implanting a Malleable penile prosthesis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All of the flaps survived completely. With the follow-ups from six to twelve months, the reconstructed penile had excellent configuration and good function.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The above mentioned technique could be a good method for penile reconstruction.</p>

Repairing large alar defects by using a retro-grade auricular flap / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate a retro-grade auricular flap for repairing large alar defects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-nine adult cadavers were anatomically used for vascular investigation of the frontal, nasal and temporal regions by injecting a dye into the main vessels. Based on the anatomical study in these regions, a retro-grade auricular flap was designed for repairing alar defects in 16 patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The blood supply of the auricle could be nourished by the inner carotid artery system from the supratrachlear artery and supraorbital artery through the frontal arterial anastomotical network into the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery. It is then passing the main trunk of the superficial temporal artery into the ear area through the auricular branches of the superficial temporal artery. The retro-grade auricular island flap could be formed by basing the supratrachlear artery and the supraorbital artery through the vascular network between the superficial temporal artery and the supratrachlear artery or the supraorbital artery. Sixteen patients with large alar defects and half-sized nasal defects were successfully repaired by this technique.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The retro-grade auricular island flap, based on the inner carotid artery system, could be a good and safe flap for repairing a large alar defect or half-sized nasal reconstruction.</p>

Repair of eyelid defect with a prefabricated flap / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To introduce a new method for repair of eyelid defects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eyelid reconstruction was performed using a prefabricated island flap with an expanded forehead myocutaneous flap and hard palate mucoperiosteal graft.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five patients with congenital or acquired eyelid defects were successfully treated with this method.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The introduced method is rational and practical for clinical applications.</p>

The investigation of tracheas transplantation by wrapping in a muscle flap / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the possibility of tracheas transplantation by wrapping it in a muscle flap.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With a dog model, a number of tracheas were separately wrapped in the unilateral sternocephalic muscle flap and the bilateral sternohyoid-sternothyroid muscle flap, and placed in the original site. The tracheas autografting was used as a control. The viability was evaluated by the examination of fiberoptic bronchoscopy, histopathology and microangiography, the measurement of tracheal mucosal blood flow and the calculation of survival rate and percentage of patency.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The submucosal blood flow of the transplanted tracheas was detected in the unilateral sternocephalic muscle flap group and the bilateral sternohyoid-sternothyroid muscle flap group 1 week after the surgery and gradually reached the level close to the normal in 4 weeks, while the vascular ingrowth was also shown from the wrapped muscle flap into the transplanted tracheas by using a microangiography technique. The histopathological examination demonstrated that the structure of the transplanted tracheas was quite same as the original one and its inner surface was also covered with pseudostratified columnar ciliary epithelia. However, in the control group, the mucous membranes turned black one week after the transplantation and all dogs died from the graft necrosis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The tracheas wrapped in a muscular flap could survive well for a long time.</p>