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Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of the serial position effect combined with delayed recall of auditory verbal learning test in diagnosing the elderly patients with different levels of cognitive impairment.Methods:A total of 310 subjects were enrolled and divided into three groups: the normal control group(NC group, n=128), the mild cognitive impairment group(MCI group, n=133)and the mild Alzheimer's disease group(mild AD group, n=149)matched for gender, age and education level.Comprehensive neuro-psychological tests were performed on all subjects, and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test-Huashan version(AVLT-H)was used to analyze the serial position effect.Results:There were significant differences in the primacy effect of the second and third time of immediate recall, short-term and long-term delayed recall among the three groups( P<0.05), but no difference was found in the recency effect between the MCI and mild AD groups( P>0.05). The long-term delayed primacy effect combined with the short-term delayed recall showed a better validity to distinguish those elderly subjects with different levels of cognitive impairment than other memorial indexes, and the correlative sensitivity and specificity were 83.21% and 71.43%(NC group vs.MCI group), 85.71% and 92.86%(NC group vs.mild AD group), 66.67% and 75.57%(MCI group vs.mild AD group), respectively. Conclusions:The long-term delayed primacy effect combined with the short-term delayed recall can assist in distinguishing elderly patients with different levels of cognitive impairment.
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Objective To study the influence of the structure and performance of tracheal intuba-tion model on teaching effect. Methods Three models of tracheal intubation with different structures were named M1, M2 and M3. A total of 91 medical students of grade 5 were enrolled, divided randomly into group A, B and C after theoretical knowledge learning of 30 minutes and examination, rained respectively on the M1, M2 and M3 for 90 minutes, and then evaluated. The models were changed within the three groups and students were then trained and evaluated for the second time. Comparison of the results was performed among the three groups. After one month, group A, B and C received examination and evaluation again. Students and instructors were asked to fill in the rating scale for M1, M2 and M3. Results ①No statistically significant differences were found in the number (31, 28, 32), gender (male/female, 10/21, 9/19, 12/20) and the pre-training test score of the students among the three groups. ②The score of the first evaluation on M1 was significantly lower in group A than in group B and C, while the scores of the second and third examination were significantly higher in group A than in the other two groups. ③The score after one month was significantly higher in group A than in group B and C. ④M1 scores (4, 5; 4.63, 5) were significantly higher than those in group B (3, 4; 2, 2.5) and group C (2, 3; 2, 2.25). Conclusion The structure and performance of the training model of tracheal intubation can indeed influence the teaching effect.
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Objective@#To investigate the prevalence characters of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and associated factors among people aged 35 and above in Beijing.@*Methods@#This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 5 208 community-based individuals aged equal and above 35 in Beijing were chosen with stratified multistage random sampling method. Structure questionnaire was used to collected the information of demographic factors, habits and chronic disease history. Ankle brachial blood pressure was detected and ankle brachial index (ABI) was calculated. ABI was used to diagnose PAD (ABI≤0.90). Based on the 2010 Beijing Municipal Population Census, the age-and gender-specific weight-adjusted sample was acquired to estimate the prevalence of PAD and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the associated factors of PAD.@*Results@#The age-and sex-standardized prevalence of PAD was 3.84% (200/5 208, 95%CI 3.32%-4.36%). There was no significant difference between male and female (3.83%(102/2 664, 95%CI 3.10%-4.56%) vs. 3.85% (98/2 544, 95%CI 3.10%-4.60%), P=0.965). The prevalence of PAD in urban was higher than that in rural (4.34% (163/3 755, 95%CI 3.69%-4.99%) vs. 2.55% (37/1 453, 95%CI 1.74%-3.36%), P=0.001). Furthermore, the prevalence of PAD increased with age (Ptrend<0.01), and the difference between genders did not change with ageing (all P>0.05). In addition, age (OR=1.03, 95%CI 1.01-1.04), urban (OR=1.52, 95%CI 1.08-2.12), smoking (OR=1.83, 95%CI 1.29-2.59), hypertension (OR=1.61, 95%CI 1.17-2.22) and diabetes (OR=1.44, 95%CI 1.08-1.93) were related with increased risk of PAD in logistic regression analysis models.@*Conclusions@#The prevalence of PAD increases with age in Beijing and there are significant difference between urban and rural on prevalence of PAD. Age, urban, smoking, hypertension and diabetes are related with increased risk of PAD.
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Objective To investigate the rates on prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of hypertension in population older than 15 years of age in Beijing,2013-2014.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Beijing between 2013-2014.Stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select representative sample of 13 057 Chinese individuals aged over 15 years,from the general population.Blood pressure was measured for three readings at sitting position after resting for at least five minutes with an average reading recorded.A standardized structured questionnaire was developed to collect history of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment.Results A total of 4 663 community residents aged over 15 years were hypertensive among the 13 057 individuals,with the standardized prevalence rate as 32.7％,in Beijing area.The age-standardized prevalence rates of hypertension appeared 34.6％ in men and 30.8％ in women.The age-and sexstandardized prevalence of hypertension rates were 33.3％ in urban and 24.6％ in rural areas.The prevalence of hypertension increased with age and appeared higher in men than in women,in urban than in rural residents.Among the hypertensive patients,rates of awareness,treatment and control were 66.8％,64.6％ and 31.6％,respectively.Conclusion High prevalence of hypertension with low rates on awareness and treatment and control,appeared in the general population of Beijing.Related strategies should be developed regarding prevention,control and management of hypertension,to reduce the burden of this disease.
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Objective To investigate the rates on prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of hypertension in population older than 15 years of age in Beijing,2013-2014.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Beijing between 2013-2014.Stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select representative sample of 13 057 Chinese individuals aged over 15 years,from the general population.Blood pressure was measured for three readings at sitting position after resting for at least five minutes with an average reading recorded.A standardized structured questionnaire was developed to collect history of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment.Results A total of 4 663 community residents aged over 15 years were hypertensive among the 13 057 individuals,with the standardized prevalence rate as 32.7％,in Beijing area.The age-standardized prevalence rates of hypertension appeared 34.6％ in men and 30.8％ in women.The age-and sexstandardized prevalence of hypertension rates were 33.3％ in urban and 24.6％ in rural areas.The prevalence of hypertension increased with age and appeared higher in men than in women,in urban than in rural residents.Among the hypertensive patients,rates of awareness,treatment and control were 66.8％,64.6％ and 31.6％,respectively.Conclusion High prevalence of hypertension with low rates on awareness and treatment and control,appeared in the general population of Beijing.Related strategies should be developed regarding prevention,control and management of hypertension,to reduce the burden of this disease.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of H-type hypertension among middle-aged and elderly people in Beijing community. Methods A cross-sectional study by recruiting 1 458 middle-aged and elderly people from a cohort of the "Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging" in 2009 was conducted. All participants were asked to complete a standardized questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory examinations. Hyperhomocysteinemia was defined as homocysteine (Hcy) > 15 μmol/L, and H- type hypertension was defined as having hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia simultaneously. The prevalence of H-type hypertension was estimated by using the results of 2000 Beijing population census to weight the data. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was preformed to estimate the associated factors of H-type hypertension. Results The age was (69.48 ± 8.09) years, and the distribution of Hcy was skewed with the median of 16.56 μmol/L. After weight, the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was 57.20% (834/1 458), and the prevalence of H-type hypertension was 35.32% (515/1 458), accounting for 59.47% (515/866) in patients with hypertension. The ageing, male, hyperuricemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and insufficiency of fishes/ shrimps were independent risk factors of H-type hypertension ( OR = 2.30, 1.04, 1.02, 0.95 and 0.67; 95% CI 1.54-3.44, 1.02-1.06, 1.04-1.06, 0.94-0.97 and 0.46-0.97; P＜0.01 or＜0.05). Conclusions The proportion of H-type hypertension is high in the middle-aged and elderly people in Beijing community. Lowering uric acid, protection of renal function and intake sufficient fishes and shrimps might prevent and control H-type hypertension.
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Objective To find out the prevalence of urinary incontinence(UI),as well as its impact on self assessed life quality in community dwelling elderly Beijing residents.Methods A total of 2 878 local elderly residents(≥ 65 years)were enrolled through stratified cluster random sampling from July 2013 to December 2014 in Beijing.A face-to-face questionnaire survey and physical examination were conducted by trained investigators.UI was screened using ICIQ SF.Prevalence of UI was adjusted by the standard population of Beijing and the number of elderly people with UI was estimated.Results The overall prevalence of UI was 24.6％.The morbidity of UI was 18.5％ in male and 29.8％ in female participants.The estimated number of elderly UI patients in Beijing was about 445 thousands,with 153 thousand male and 292 female patients.After adjustment for potential confounding demographic,lifestyle and chronic disease factors,logistic regression analysis revealed that UI was negatively correlated with several self-assessed measures,including quality of life,health,sleep quality,activities of daily life,sexual life and relationship with other people(all P＜0.05).Moreover,negative emotions in the last four weeks increased in the elderly with UI.Conclusions Nearly one quarter of the aged population,especially among aged women,in Beijing suffer from UI.UI severely affects the quality of life and emotions in aged persons.It is necessary to take early interventions to improve quality of life and promote healthy aging.
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Objective To analyze the effect of stroke duration on the cognitive function in the elderly population in Beijing.Methods Based on the Research Project of Beijing Chronic Disease Combined with Common Elderly Syndrome Community Management Practices,a cross-sectional study was used.From July 2013 to December 2014,the old population in 4 districts and a county (Xicheng District,Fangshan District,Tongzhou District and Yanqing County) in Beijing were sampled with the multi-stage,randomized and stratified sampling.A total of 3 024 subjects were enrolled in the study.The data were obtained from the questionnaires and clinical examinations.Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used as the evaluation index of cognitive function.The subjects were divided into either a normal cognitive function group (MMSE>26,n=1 878) or a cognitive impairment group (MMSE≤26,n=1 146) according to the MMSE scores.A multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the effects of hemorrhagic stroke,ischemic stroke,and asymptomatic stroke,as well as disease duration on cognitive function.Results After adjusting for the confounding factors,such as sex,age,educational level,marriage,smoking,and alcohol consumption,the risks of occurring cognitive impairment in patients with hemorrhagic stroke in stroke duration for 1-3,4-10 and >10 years were OR 3.019 (95％CI 0.974-9.361,P=0.056),8.652 (95％CI 2.924-25.601,P10 years were 1.000 (95％CI 0.636-1.571,P=1.000),1.874 (95％CI 1.231-2.853,P=0.003),2.439 (95％CI 1.386-4.291,P=0.002) times of those without occurring stroke population.Stroke duration for 4-10 years in patients with hemorrhagic stroke and stroke duration for 4-10 and >10 years in patients with ischemic stroke were all the risk factors for occurring cognitive dysfunction.Conclusion For patients with stroke,stroke duration or long-term effects has a certain impact on cognitive function.
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In this article,we gave a detail description on the experience of teaching evidence-based medicine (EBM) in undergraduate students and graduate students as well as for continue medical education.The staff of Department of EBM was from variety of sub-discipline,including epidemiologists,physicians,surgeons and librarian.To make the course smoothly,the member of the department discussed the plan together frequently,and had conduct test lecture,which make the course to become perfect.The key for the development in our department is powerful organization and leadership,pursuing perfect,keeping with the progress of the EBM and team-working.
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The paper described the concept of evidence-based medicine and its guiding role in clini-cal practice and scientific research. It emphasized the importance of teaching evidence-based medicine in clinical medicine teaching of medical college students, and put forward some suggestions on how to carry out evidence-based medicine teaching among undergraduate students. In the course of undergraduate study, students should have preliminary grasp of how to apply the theory of clinical epidemiology to evaluate the evidence of clinical research so that they could evaluate the authenticity, importance and applicability of the research evidence . Besides , they could correctly understand and apply the evidence of evidence-based medicine in clinical practice in the future, and at the same time cultivate their scientific research thinking and innovative ability.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate trends of overweight and obesity prevalence between 1996 and 2007 in Yi farmers and Yi migrants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An Yi migrant study was conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China from 1996 to 2007. Data were collected with identical methods, including standardized questionnaire and body measurements.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) significantly increased from 20.02 in 1996 to 22.36 in 2007, among Yi farmers, which was significantly different from those among Yi migrants (23.67 in 2007 and 20.90 in 1996) (P<0.05). Prevalence of obesity rose from 1.21 % in 1996 to 4.55 % in 2007 (OR=1.15, P<0.001) in Yi migrants, while that in Yi farmers from none in 1996 to 0.12 % in 2007 (P>0.05). Prevalence of overweight rose significantly to 26.24 % in 2007 from 17.24 % in 1996 (OR=1.06, P<0.001) in Yi migrants, while that in Yi farmers from 1.29 % in 1996 to 4.45 % in 2007 (OR=1.14, P>0.001). Yi migrants appeared to have a 5.52-fold higher risk on developing overweight and obesity than Yi farmers have.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The Yi migrants had a steeper increase of overweight with year and consequently caused more obesity. Change in lifestyle may contribute most likely to higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yi migrants.</p>