Epidemiology of myopia and unaided visual impairment of primary and secondary school students of Han and minorities in Mangshi City in Yunnan / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of unaided visual impairment and myopia among primary and secondary school students in Yunnan Province, and to provide scientific basis for myopia prevention.@*Methods@#The study was conducted among primary and secondary school students in Mangshi, Yunnan Province from March to August, 2014. All the 7 681 subjects underwent detailed eye examinations and a questionnaire survey. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent value of less than -0.5 diopters. Unaided visual impairment was analyzed on the basis of the better and the worse-seeing eye, respectively.@*Results@#The prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 39.1% and 0.6%. The prevalence of unaided visual impairment was 11.4% based on the worse-seeing eye. Refractive errors accounted for 87.3% of the participants with unaided visual impairment. Prevalence of myopia was higher in girls than in boys (χ2=29.74, P<0.01), but there was no gender difference in high myopia (P=0.19). The prevalence of myopia and high myopia increased significantly with increasing age (χ2=351.23, 22.56, P<0.01). Besides, prevalence of myopia was 63.7% in Dai nationality students and 36.6% in Yi nationality students (χ2=78.14, P<0.01), which was higher than other ethnic minorities. After adjusting for the effects of sex, age and ethnicity, the presence of myopia was associated with increasing height (OR=1.02, 95%CI=1.01-1.03), computer use (OR=1.17, 95%CI=1.03-1.32), having a myopic father (OR=1.56, 95%CI=1.24-1.94), having a myopic mother (OR=1.33, 95%CI=1.08-1.63) and more time reading(OR=1.18, 95%CI=1.09-1.28). High myopia was found to be more prevalent in children who had a myopic father (OR=3.98, 95%CI=1.72-9.22) and using computers (OR=2.31, 95%CI=1.17-4.57).@*Conclusion@#Myopia and unaided visual impairment is prevalent in school students in rural China (Yunnan), though the prevalence is relatively lower compared with other areas in China. Attention should be paid to the formulation and input of primary eye care policies.

miR-195/miR-497 Regulate CD274 Expression of Immune Regulatory Ligands in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: Immune suppression is common in patients with advanced breast cancer but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been sufficiently studied. In this study, we aimed to identify B7 family members that were able to predict the immune status of patients, and which may serve as potential targets for the treatment of breast cancer. We also aimed to identify microRNAs that may regulate the expression of B7 family members. METHODS: The Cancer Genome Atlas data from 1,092 patients with breast cancer, including gene expression, microRNA expression and survival data, were used for statistical and survival analyses. Polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to measure messenger RNA and protein expression, respectively. Luciferase assay was used to investigate direct microRNA target. RESULTS: Bioinformatic analysis predicted that microRNA (miR)-93, miR-195, miR-497, and miR-340 are potential regulators of the immune evasion of breast cancer cells, and that they exert this function by targeting CD274, PDCD1LG2, and NCR3LG1. We chose CD274 for further investigations. We found that miR-195, miR-497, and CD274 expression levels were inversely correlated in MDA-MB-231 cells, and miR-195 and miR-497 expressions mimic inhibited CD274 expression in vitro. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that miR-195 and miR-497 directly target CD274 3′ untranslated region. CONCLUSION: Our data indicated that the level of B7 family members can predict the prognosis of breast cancer patients, and miR-195/miR-497 regulate CD274 expression in triple negative breast cancer. This regulation may further influence tumor progression and the immune tolerance mechanism in breast cancer and may be able to predict the effect of immunotherapy on patients.

Influence of albumin and placement time outside the incubator on viability of isolated cytokine-induced killer cells: a simple method for detection / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the influence of albumin supplementation in the medium and the placement time outside the incubator on the viability of isolated cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>CIK cells labeled with anti-CD3-FITC and anti-CD56-PE or with FQ-AE were observed under fluorescence microscope. The effect of albumin in the cell medium on the cell viability was analyzed using flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC after different time lengths of placement.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The clones of CIK cells from the patient with esophageal carcinoma were small and scattered in the medium, but the clones from the patients with pancreatic cancer were large and densely distributed. CD3(+)CD56(+) cells could be detected under fluorescence microscope. The addition of albumin in the medium did not obviously affect cell apoptosis and death of CIK cells. CIK cells placed outside the incubator for less than 90 min showed a significant lower apoptosis rate than the cells placed for 150 min, whereas the cell death rate did not vary significantly with the placement time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CIK cells from different cancer patients present with different growth pattern of the cells clones. Labeling with anti-CD3-FITC and anti-CD56-PE allows convenient counting of the newly generated CD3(+)CD56(+) CIK cells and FQ-AE labeling can be used for quantitative assessment of cell death. Albumin is not necessary in the medium of CIK cells. Prolonged placement (for over 90 min) of CIK cells outside the incubator should be avoided, and the placement time should be shorten as much as possible.</p>

STUDIES ON PHENOTYPE OF CIK AND ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES ON TUMOR CELLS / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To generate cytokine induced killer (CIK) by inducing lymphocytes cells from peripheral blood in vitro , and to study the phenotype and biological activities of CIK. Methods Lymphocytes cells were isolated fresh from peripheral blood of healthy donors by Ficoll Hypaque density centrifugation, and the cells obtained were resuspended in RPMI medium consisting of 10% fetal calf serum at 37℃, 5%CO 2 for 2h. On day 0, the nonadherent cells were activated with IFN ? (1 000U/ml) and the following days were stimulated with CD3mAb (3 75?g/ml) and rhIL 2 (600U/ml). Phenotype of CIK were analysed by FACS. The proliferation of CIK was tested using 3 H Thymidine, and the killing experiment using MTT tests. Results The proliferation peak of CIK was at day 20, and declined at day 30. The percentages of the cytotoxicity of CIK cells for stomach cancer cell line MGC803 and liver cancer cell line Bel7402 was 65 45%?5 68% and 68 37%?3 93% respectively. CIK cells expressed the phenotypes of CD3CD56, CD3, CD54, CD28CD54, CD11a, HLA DR and CD28. Conclusion IFN ?, CD3mAb and rhIL 2 can induce strong proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes to produce CIK cells expressing the phenotype of CD3CD56, CD3, CD54, CD28CD54, CD11a, HLA DR, CD28, which have strong cytotoxicity on tumor cells.