ABSTRACT
From birth to adulthood, we often align our behaviors, attitudes, and opinions with a majority, a phenomenon known as social conformity. A seminal framework has proposed that conformity behaviors are mainly driven by three fundamental motives: a desire to gain more information to be accurate, to obtain social approval from others, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Despite extensive interest in neuroimaging investigation of social conformity, the relationship between brain systems and these fundamental motivations has yet to be established. Here, we reviewed brain imaging findings of social conformity with a componential framework, aiming to reveal the neuropsychological substrates underlying different conformity motivations. First, information-seeking engages the evaluation of social information, information integration, and modification of task-related activity, corresponding to brain networks implicated in reward, cognitive control, and tasks at hand. Second, social acceptance involves the anticipation of social acceptance or rejection and mental state attribution, mediated by networks of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Third, self-enhancement entails the excessive representation of positive self-related information and suppression of negative self-related information, ingroup favoritism and/or outgroup derogation, and elaborated mentalizing processes to the ingroup, supported by brain systems of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Therefore, recent brain imaging studies have provided important insights into the fundamental motivations of social conformity in terms of component processes and brain mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Humans , Social Conformity , Motivation , Brain , Social Behavior , Brain MappingABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate and compare mechanisms underlying supraliminal and subliminal emotional Stroop effects.Methods 52 college students were recruited to distinguish the color of each emotional picture,which was either supraliminal (30 students) or subliminally (22 students) presented to the students; and their reaction time(RTs) and accuracy(ACC) in each condition were assessed.Results ①In supraliminal task,the main effect of emotion on RT was significant(F(4.116) =3.63,P=0.008),such that RT in high arousing positive ( ( 781 ± 60 ) ms ) and negative ( ( 787 ± 63 ) ms ) conditions were larger than those in neutral ( ( 733 ± 62 ) ms)condition; ②In supraliminal task,the main effect of arousal on RT was significant(F(1,29) =5.14,P=0.031 ),such that RT in high arousing( (784 ± 59 ) ms) conditions were larger than those in low arousing( (761 ± 55 ) ms)conditions; ③In subliminal task,the main effect of emotion on RT was significant (F(4,84) =2.50,P =0.049 ),such that RT in high arousing positive ( ( 661 ± 52 ) ms) and negative ( ( 667 ± 56) ms) conditions were larger than those in neutral ( (633 ± 49 ) ms) condition.④ In subliminal task,the main effect of arousal on RT was significant (F(1,21) =9.97,P=0.005),such that RT in low arousing( (664 ±51 ) ms) conditions were larger than those in high arousing( (638 ± 50)ms) conditions.ConclusionSupraliminal and subliminal emotional Stroop effects may be involved in different mechanisms.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the arousal effect in the emotional Stroop effect by systematically manipulating the valence and arousal of affective stimuli.Methods 27 college students were recruited to distinThe main effect of emotion on RT was significant (F(5.130) = 5.90, P ＜ 0.01 ), RTs in positive (( 893±36 ) ms)main effect of Emotion on ACC was marginally significant (F(5.130) = 2.63, P = 0.05 ), ACC in high arousing negalence on RT was significant (F(1.26 = 7.03, P =0.013 ).Further analysis revealed that RTs in positive condition was significant (F(1.26) =5.63, P=0.025),ACC in high arousing condition (0.93 ±0.17) was lower than ACC in low arousing condition (0.95 ± 0.09 ).Conclusion The emotional Stroop effect mainly depends on the arousal information of affective stimuli.