ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are among the important causes of mortality and morbidity in childhood. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying primary disease may prevent most of CKD patients from progressing to ESRD. There is no study examining chronic kidney diseases and dialysis modalities in Syrian immigrant children. We aimed to retrospectively research the etiologic, sociodemographic, and clinical factors in CKD among Syrian refugee children, and at the same time, to compare the clinical characteristics of patients with ESRD on peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Methods: Our study included a total of 79 pediatric Syrian patients aged from 2-16 years monitored at Hatay State Hospital pediatric nephrology clinic with diagnosis of various stages of CKD and with ESRD. Physical-demographic features and clinical-laboratory information were retrospectively screened. Results: The most common cause of CKD was congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tracts (CAKUT) (37.9%). Other causes were urolitiasis (15.1%), nephrotic syndrome (10.1%), spina bifida (8.8%), hemolytic uremic syndrome (7.5%), and glomerulonephritis (7.5%). Twenty-five patients used hemodialysis due to bad living conditions. Only 2 of the patients with peritoneal dialysis were using automatic peritoneal dialysis (APD), with 5 using continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Long-term complications like left ventricle hypertrophy and retinopathy were significantly higher among hemodialysis patients. There was no difference identified between the groups in terms of hypertension and sex. Conclusion: Progression to ESRD due to preventable reasons is very frequent among CKD patients. For more effective use of peritoneal dialysis in pediatric patients, the responsibility of states must be improved.
Resumo Histórico: Doença renal crônica (DRC) e doença renal em estágio terminal (DRET) estão entre as causas importantes de mortalidade e morbidade na infância. Diagnóstico precoce e tratamento da doença primária subjacente podem evitar que a maioria dos pacientes com DRC progrida para DRET. Não há estudos examinando doenças renais crônicas e modalidades de diálise em crianças imigrantes sírias. Visamos pesquisar retrospectivamente fatores etiológicos, sociodemográficos e clínicos na DRC entre crianças refugiadas sírias e, ao mesmo tempo, comparar características clínicas de pacientes com DRET em diálise peritoneal e hemodiálise. Métodos: Nosso estudo incluiu 79 pacientes pediátricos sírios com idades entre 2-16 anos monitorados na clínica de nefrologia pediátrica, Hospital Estadual de Hatay, com diagnóstico de vários estágios de DRC e com DRET. Características físico-demográficas e informações clínico-laboratoriais foram examinadas retrospectivamente. Resultados: A causa mais comum de DRC foram anomalias congênitas dos rins e trato urinário (CAKUT) (37,9%). Outras causas foram urolitíase (15,1%), síndrome nefrótica (10,1%), espinha bífida (8,8%), síndrome hemolítico-urêmica (7,5%), e glomerulonefrite (7,5%). 25 pacientes fizeram hemodiálise devido às más condições de vida. Apenas 2 dos pacientes em diálise peritoneal estavam usando diálise peritoneal automatizada (DPA), com 5 em diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua (DPAC). Complicações em longo prazo, como hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo e retinopatia, foram significativamente maiores entre pacientes em hemodiálise. Não identificou-se diferença entre grupos em termos de hipertensão e sexo. Conclusão: Progressão para DRET devido a razões evitáveis é muito frequente entre pacientes com DRC. Para utilização mais eficaz de diálise peritoneal em pacientes pediátricos, a responsabilidade dos estados deve ser aprimorada.
ABSTRACT
Phenobarbital continues to be widely used in childhood epilepsy. Incorrect drug prescription can sometimes lead to intoxication, particularly in young children. A 40-month-old female infant presented to our emergency department due to failure to awaken. The patient was assessed in terms of etiology of coma, and her history revealed that she had been given a 100 mg phenobarbital pill instead of 15 mg. Her blood phenobarbital level was high (>80 mg/dl). At physical examination, her Glasgow coma score was 6, the pupils were isochoric, pupillary light reflex was bilateral positive, deep tendon reflexes were absent, respiration was superficial, and pulmonary bilateral diffuse secretory rales were present, and the patient was intubated. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) was performed due to prolonged coma, intubation, and potentially fatal phenobarbital level. Blood phenobarbital levels at 4 and 12 h improved to >80 and 33.4 mg/dl, and the patient was extubated at 14 h. CVVHDF was effective in intoxication despite long-acting barbiturate phenobarbital not binding to protein. We think that this is a useful method capable of use in phenobarbital intoxications.