ABSTRACT
Purpose: Remnant lens epithelial cells (LECs) within the capsular bag (CB) undergo epithelial?to?mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acquire a myofibroblast phenotype, depositing extracellular matrix (ECM) components, leading to posterior capsular opacification (PCO). This study histopathologically analyzes the LEC?to?myofibroblast transition and de novo ECM component deposition (i.e., smooth muscle actin (SMA) and fibronectin (FN) expression) and determines the intraocular lens (IOL) and patient factors associated with these changes. Methods: In total, 190 CBs with IOLs were removed from donor eyes. Digital images were obtained, and PCO was graded using published software (ADOS, Medical Parachute). Automated immunohistochemistry was performed using anti?SMA to detect EMT and anti?FN to document ECM remodeling. Slides were digitized and analyzed using the Positive Pixel Count v9 algorithm. Linear regression and Poisson regression were performed (P < 0.05). Results: SMA positive expression decreased as the time of IOL implantation increased (P < 0.0001). Positivity of SMA and FN demonstrated a positive correlation (P = 0.0002). Controlling for confounding factors in Poisson regression, hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials showed higher FN and SMA expression when compared to silicone material lenses (FN; P = 0.018; P < 0.0001, SMA; P = 0.001; P = 0.003, respectively). The square optic design had 29% higher SMA positivity compared to the opti?edge design (P = 0.042). One?piece haptic lenses had higher SMA expression compared to three?piece haptic (P = 0.042). A higher risk of expression of SMA and FN was seen in patients with a history of smoking, hypertension, and glaucoma (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that SMA and FN expression is different according to IOL design and patient factors, thus indicating that LEC changes depend on lens biocompatibility. Therefore, by analyzing the histopathological composition of PCO by using LECs, further insight into the characteristics of IOLs that are important for biocompatibility can be ascertained.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de diabéticos em uma amostra de pacientes com glaucoma; verificar se existe associação entre diabetes mellitus e glaucoma na amostra estudada; verificar outros fatores de risco associados. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados de forma retrospectiva os prontuários de 50 pacientes com diagnóstico de glaucoma. Os dados registrados foram sexo, idade, raça, história familiar de glaucoma e história pessoal de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. RESULTADOS: Do total de pacientes avaliados, 5 (10 por cento) apresentavam diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Destes, 3 eram mulheres e 2 eram homens, com mediana de idade de 81 anos (71-88). A prevalência de diabetes nos pacientes com glaucoma não mostrou diferenças significativas (OR: 1,476; Intervalo de Confiança 95 por cento: 0,4438 a 4,910; p= 0,5352) quando comparada à prevalência de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na população geral brasileira (7,6 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Nesta amostra de pacientes com glaucoma, a prevalência de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 foi pouco mais elevada que a da população. Entretanto, nenhuma associação foi encontrada entre diabetes mellitus e glaucoma.
PURPOSE: To evaluate prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a group of patients with glaucoma; to verify if there is association between diabetes mellitus and glaucoma; to verify other associated risk factors. METHODS: Fifty(50) glaucoma patients had their medical records analyzed in a retrospective way. Registered data included sex, age, ethnic group, family history of glaucoma and personal history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Five (10 percent) of all evaluated patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus. 3 of them were female and 2 were male, median age of 81 years old (71-88). Prevalence of diabetes in glaucoma patients did not show significant differences. (OR: 1.476; 95 percent Confidence Interval: 0.4438 to 4.910; p= 0.5352) when compared to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in general brazilian population (7.6 percent). CONCLUSION: In this group of patients with glaucoma, prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was slightly higher than in general population. However, no association was found between diabetes mellitus and glaucoma.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Blindness/prevention & control , /epidemiology , Glaucoma, Open-Angle/etiology , Glaucoma/etiology , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
O diagnóstico do edema macular diabético deve ser feito precocemente, a fim de evitar perda visual significativa. Para tal, contamos com exames complementares cada vez mais desenvolvidos e específicos. Os autores fazem uma revisão dos principais métodos existentes para diagnosticar a retinopatia diabética.
Diabetic macular edema must be assessed as early as possible, to avoid significant vision loss. To achieve this goal, there are many specific diagnostic tests that can be performed. The authors review the most common methods in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy.
ABSTRACT
O edema macular é a principal causa de baixa visual em pacientes diabéticos. Seu mecanismo de formação é complexo e envolve alterações bioquímicas e estruturais. Os autores fazem uma revisão e atualização dos conceitos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na maculopatia diabética.
Macular edema is the leading cause of poor vision in diabetic patients.The mechanism of edema formation is complex and involves biochemical and structural changes. The authors review and update the physiopathologic concepts related to diabetic maculopathy.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , /complications , Macular Edema , Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology , Hyperglycemia , Hypoxia , Mice , Optic Neuropathy, IschemicABSTRACT
Telangiectasia retiniana é um termo inicialmente proposto por Reese, em 1956. Caracteriza-se por uma anormalidade vascular retiniana, com dilatação irregular e incompetência dos vasos. E.L.S., 44 anos, sexo masculino, branco, do Rio de Janeiro, com queixa de perda progressiva da visão em olho esquerdo (OE). Ao exame observamos acuidade visual (AV) corrigida de 20/20 em olho direito (OD) e 20/100 em OE. À fundoscopia, OD normal e OE apresentando dilatação capilar e exsudatos duros com aspecto circinado na região macular. Angiografia fluoresceínica e, após o resultado, injeção intravítrea de triancinolona em OE (4mg/0,1ml). Após um mês da injeção de triancinolona a AV em OE passou a 20/40, os exsudatos duros tornaram-se mais visíveis e a angiografia mostrou diminuição do vazamento do corante. Foi possível a realização de fotocoagulação com laser. A AV final corrigida foi de 20/20 em ambos os olhos. O tratamento com laser está amplamente difundido na literatura, porém optamos inicialmente pela injeção intravítrea de triancinolona. Pode-se considerar a injeção intravítrea de triancinolona em casos de telangiectasia retiniana parafoveal com redução importante da visão e alterações muito próximas à região avascular foveal. Entretanto, os resultados em longo prazo não são conhecidos e precisam ser confrontados com as outras opções de tratamento.
Retinal telangiectasis was first described by Reese, in 1956. It is an abnormality of the retinal vessels, with irregular dilation and vessel failure. ELS, 44 years old, male, white, from Rio de Janeiro. His complaining was progressive visual loss in the left eye (OS). Corrected visual acuity (VA) was 20/20 in the right eye (OD) and 20/100 in OS. Fundoscopy in OD was normal, and in OS showed capillaries dilation and hard exsudates (circinate) in macular area. After fluorescein angiogram, we performed intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (4mg/0.1ml) in OS. One month after injection, VA in OS was 20/40, hard exsudates became more visible and angiogram showed a reduction in dye leakage. Due to better visibility, we were able to perform laser photocoagulation on the affected area. Final best corrected VA was 20/20 in both eyes. Although laser treatment is widely recommended, we chose intravitreal triamcinolone injection initially due to the fact that damaged capillaries were too close to foveal avascular zone. Intravitreal triamcinolone injection can be considered in cases of parafoveal retinal telangiectasis with significant decreased vision and changes near foveal avascular zone. However, long term results are not known yet and need to be confronted with other available treatments.