Eliminación y prevención de la deficiencia de yodo en mujeres gestantes de Perú / Elimination and prevention of iodine deficiency in pregnant women from Peru

RESUMEN La deficiencia de yodo (DI) causa daño a través de todos los ciclos de la vida, la vulnerabilidad es mayor durante la gestación y la infancia. La yodación universal de la sal (IUS) para consumo humano es la estrategia más costo-efectiva y sostenible para su control. Perú ha logrado la eliminación sostenida de los desórdenes por deficiencia de yodo (DDI) desde 1994. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del programa nacional de control de los DDI y la estrategia IUS para satisfacer el mayor requerimiento de yodo y asegurar la nutrición óptima de yodo de las mujeres embarazadas de la sierra, una región con severa deficiencia natural de yodo. Material y Métodos: El estudio ha incluido a 489 mujeres embarazadas de la sierra, seleccionadas entre las asistentes a control pre natal en los centros asistenciales. En cada sujeto se verificó el consumo de sal yodada y se colectó una muestra casual de orina para el análisis de la concentración de yodo y creatinina. Resultados: Según la encuesta de admisión el 99.6 % de los hogares consumen sal yodada. La mediana global de la concentración urinaria de yodo (CUI) 209 µg/L está dentro del rango adecuado para gestantes y demuestra un estado nutricional de yodo normal. La concentración de creatinina en la orina es normal. Conclusión: Estos resultados confirman la eficiencia y el éxito del programa nacional para la eliminación sostenida de los DDI, garantizando la nutrición normal de yodo durante la gestación y, por lo tanto, previniendo el riesgo de daño cerebral de los recién nacidos cada año en la sierra.

ABSTRACT Iodine is an essential element for synthesizing thyroid hormones, it is also essential for cell metabolism and tissue development, especially in the brain. Iodine requirements are higher during pregnancy and lactation. Iodine deficiency (ID) is a widespread condition all over the world; it is frequent in Peruvian highlands and rainforest. ID causes damage in all life periods, and vulnerability for this is greater during pregnancy and infancy. Universal salt iodination (USI) for human use is the most cost-effective and sustainable strategy for controlling ID. Peru has achieved the sustained elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) since 1994. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of the national program for controlling IDDs and the USI strategy for complying with the increased iodine requirement and to assure optimal iodine nutrition in pregnant women from the Peruvian highlands, a region with severe natural iodine deficiency. Material and Methods. The study included 489 pregnant women from the highlands, who were selected from those attending prenatal assessment in healthcare centers. Iodinated salty consumption was verified in each subject and a casual urine sample was collected for measuring iodine and creatinine concentration. Results. According to the admission survey, 99.6% of household use iodinated salt. The overall mean of iodine urine concentration (IUC) was 209 µg/L, which is well within the adequate range for pregnant women, and it shows a normal iodine nutrition status. The creatinine urinary concentration was normal. Conclusion. These results confirm the efficiency and success of the national program for the sustained elimination of IDDs, assuring normal iodine nutritional supply during pregnancy; and, therefore, preventing the risk for brain damage in newborns every year in the highlands.

Evaluación rápida del desempeño de la red pública de servicios de salud de Suba en el logro de los atributos de la atención primaria de salud - APS / Avaliação rápida do desempenho da rede pública de serviços de saúde de Suba no alcance dos atributos da atençãoprimária de saúde - APS / Quick assessment on the performance of the public network of health services in Suba, within the achievements of the primary health services - APS

Se analiza el desempeño de la red del Hospital de Suba II Nivel ESE en el cumplimiento de los atributos de la APS. Se realizó una evaluación rápida que adapta la metodología propuesta por Starfield y validada por Macinko en Brasil, la cual comprende encuestas a los usuarios, profesionales, coordinadores y decisores de los servicios. Los atributos estudiados son comparados con las percepciones de los actores de instituciones ambulatorias similares del sector privado. Se encontró diferencia significativa del principio de integralidad a favor del sector público y, además, que la percepción de salud de los usuarios adultos está asociada significativamente con la evaluación positiva de la prestadora de servicios de salud y el carácter público de la misma. No obstante, existe una baja calificación del enfoque familiar y orientación comunitaria, aspectos entre otros que requieren correctivos que permitan al Hospital contribuir a mejorar la salud y la equidad en salud en esta localidad.

This study evaluated the performance of a primary health care (PHC) strategy implemented by a public health care network lead by Suba Hospital. The study was based on a rapid assessment approach that adapted Starfield’s methodology and was validated by Macinko in Brazil. It included surveys for patients, professionals, coordinators and decision-makers. Their perceptions are compared with those of actors in private outpatient settings. This study demonstrated significant perceived gains in comprehensiveness in the public sector, and also found that users’perceptions of health are significantly associated with the positive assessment of the institution providing primary health care services and with the public nature of the institution. However, findings also indicated poor performance with regards to family and community orientation and particular elements of other important attributes of CPHC. Strategies must be oriented to address these problems in order to allow Suba Hospital to improve its contribution to population health and equity in health.

O estudo analisa o desempenho da rede do hospital de Suba II Nível ESE no cumprimento dos atributos da APS. Realizou-se uma avaliação rápida que adapta a metodologia proposta por Starfield e validada por Mocinko no Brasil, a qual compreende pesquisas dos usuários, profissionais, coordenadores e decisórios do serviço. Os atributos estudados são comparados com as percepções dos atores de instituições ambulatórias similares do setor privado. Encontrou-se uma diferença significativa do principio da integralidade a favor do setor público, como também, que a percepção da saúde dos usuários adultos está associada significativamente com a avaliação positiva da prestadora de serviços de saúde e o caráter público da mesma. Não obstante, existe uma baixa qualificação do enfoque familiar e orientação comunitária, aspectos entre outros que requerem corretivos que permitam ao hospital contribuir para melhorar a saúde e a igualdade na saúde nesta localidade.