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1.
Rev. latinoam. enferm. (Online) ; 26: e3031, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-961199

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify socio-demographic, clinical and psychological predictors of well-being and quality of life in men who underwent radical prostatectomy, in a 360-day follow-up. Method: longitudinal study with 120 men who underwent radical prostatectomy. Questionnaires were used for characterization and clinical evaluation of the participant, as well as the instruments Visual Analog Scale for Pain, The Ways of Coping Questionnaire, Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale, Satisfaction with Social Support Scale, Marital Satisfaction Scale, Subjective Well-Being Scale and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index. For data analysis, the linear mixed-effects model was used. Results: the socio-demographic factors age and race were not predictors of the dependent variables; time of surgery, problem-focused coping, and anxiety were predictors of subjective well-being; pain, anxiety and depression were negative predictors of quality of life; emotion-focused coping was a positive predictor. Marital dissatisfaction was a predictor of both variables. Conclusion: predictor variables found were different from the literature: desire for changes in marital relationship presented a positive association with quality of life and well-being; emotion-focused coping was a predictor of quality of life; and anxiety was a predictor of subjective well-being.


RESUMO Objetivo: identificar fatores preditores sociodemográficos, clínicos e psicológicos para o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida de homens submetidos à prostatectomia radical, em seguimento de 360 dias. Método: trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, com 120 homens submetidos à prostatectomia radical. Foram utilizados questionários para caracterização e avaliação clínica do participante, bem como os instrumentos Escala Visual Analógica de Dor, Inventário de Estratégias de Coping, Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social, Escala de Satisfação Conjugal, Escala de Bem-estar Subjetivo e o Expanded Prostate Cancer Index. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se o modelo linear de efeitos mistos. Resultados: fatores sociodemográficos idade e raça não se mostraram preditores das variáveis dependentes; tempo de cirurgia, enfrentamento focado no problema e ansiedade foram preditores para bem-estar subjetivo; dor, ansiedade e depressão foram preditores negativos de qualidade de vida; estratégia de enfrentamento focado na emoção, positivo. A não satisfação conjugal foi preditora para ambas variáveis. Conclusões: foram identificados fatores preditores distintos da literatura: desejo de mudança nos níveis de satisfação conjugal apresentou relação positiva com qualidade de vida e bem-estar; modo de enfrentamento focado na emoção foi preditor de qualidade de vida; e ansiedade foi preditor de bem-estar subjetivo.


RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar factores predictores sociodemográficos, clínicos y psicológicos para el bienestar y la calidad de vida de hombres sometidos a prostatectomía radical, en seguimiento de 360 días. Método: se trata de un estudio longitudinal, realizado entre 120 hombres sometidos a prostatectomía radical. Se utilizaron cuestionarios para caracterización y evaluación clínica del participante, así como los instrumentos Escala Visual Analógica de Dolor, Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento, Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión, Escala de Satisfacción con el Soporte Social, Escala de Satisfacción Marital, Escala de Bienestar Subjetivo y el Índice de Cáncer de Próstata Ampliado. Se utilizó el modelo lineal de efectos mixtos para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: los factores sociodemográficos tales como edad y raza no se mostraron predictores de las variables dependientes; tiempo de cirugía, enfrentamiento enfocado en el problema y en la ansiedad fueron predictores para el bienestar subjetivo; dolor, ansiedad y depresión fueron predictores negativos de calidad de vida; estrategia de enfrentamiento enfocado en la emoción, positivo. La no satisfacción marital fue predictora para ambas variables. Conclusiones: se identificaron factores predictores distintos de la literatura: el deseo de cambio en los niveles de satisfacción marital presentó una relación positiva con la calidad de vida y el bienestar; modo de enfrentamiento enfocado en la emoción fue predictor de calidad de vida; y ansiedad fue predictor de bienestar subjetivo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prostatectomy , Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery , Quality of Life , Prognosis , Prostatectomy/methods , Time Factors , Follow-Up Studies , Longitudinal Studies
2.
Acta cir. bras ; 28(supl.1): 37-42, 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-663890

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To analyze the correlation between the "International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form" (ICIQ-UISF) survey and the urodynamic findings in men with urinary incontinence (UI) following radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: 88 men who presented post-RP UI for a minimum of 1 year were enrolled prospectively. All answered the ICIQ-UISF survey and underwent urodynamic testing. Patients were divided in 3 Groups according to their urodynamic diagnosis: Group 1, patients with sphincteric incontinence (SI) alone; Group 2, patients with mixed UI (SI + Bladder Dysfunction (BD)); and Group 3, patients with BD alone. Data were analyzed using SPSS v16.0 software. RESULTS: There were 51 men in Group 1 (57.9%); 30 in Group 2 (34%); and 7 (7.9%) in Group 3. BD was found in 37/88 patients (42%), but it was the main cause of UI in only 14 patients (15.9%). There was no statistically significant difference among the mean ICIQ-UISFs values from groups 1, 2, or 3 (p>0.05). The symptoms of stress incontinence correlated with the urodynamic finding of SI (r = 0.59), and complaints of urinary urgency correlated with the presence of detrusor overactivity (DO) (r = 0.37), but these complaints did not predict the main cause of UI. CONCLUSION: The etiology of UI following RP cannot be predicted by the ICIQ-UISF survey. Symptoms of stress and urge incontinence predict the findings of SI and DO on urodynamic tests, but they cannot ascertain the main cause of UI. Urodynamic testing remains the gold standard to assess the etiology of post-RP UI.


OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre as queixas clínicas mensuradas pelo "International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form" (ICIQ-UISF) e os achados urodinâmicos em homens com incontinência urinária (IU) após a prostatectomia radical (PR). MÉTODOS: 88 homens que apresentavam IU por um período mínimo de 1 ano após a PR foram incluídos prospectivamente. Todos responderam o questinário "ICIQ-UISF" e foram submetidos a avaliação urodinâmica. Os pacientes foram categorizados em 3 grupos de acordo com o diagnóstico urodinâmico: Grupo 1, pacientes com incontinência esfincteriana isolada (IE); Grupo 2, pacientes com IU mista (IE + disfunção vesical (DV)); e Grupo 3, pacientes com DV isolada. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o software SPSS v16.0. RESULTADOS: Dos 88 pacientes avaliados, após a avaliação urodinâmica, 51 homens (57,9%) apresentaram IE isolada (Grupo 1); 30 homens (34%) apresentaram IE associada a DV (Grupo 2) e 7 homens (7,9%) tinham somente DV (Grupo 3). A DV foi encontrada em 37/88 pacientes (42%), mas foi a principal causa de IU em apenas 14 pacientes (15,9%). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os valores das médias do "ICIQ-UISFs" entre os grupos 1, 2 ou 3 (p> 0,05). Os sintomas de incontinência de esforço se correlacionaram com o diagnóstico urodinâmico de IE (r = 0,59), e as queixas de urgência miccional se correlacionaram com a presença de hiperactividade do detrusor na avaliação urodinâmica (r = 0,37), entretanto apesar da correlação encontrada, os sintomas não foram capazes de identificar a principal causa da UI . CONCLUSÃO: A etiologia da UI após a PR não pode ser previsto pelo escore de sintomas obtidos através do "ICIQ-UISF". Os sintomas de perda urinária as manobras de estresse e de urgência miccional estão relacionados a presença de IE e hiperatividade detrusora na avaliação urodinâmica, entretanto estes sintomas não conseguem identificar com segurança qual é o principal fator da IU após a PR.O teste urodinâmico continua sendo o padrão ouro para avaliar a etiologia da IU após a PR.


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prostatectomy/adverse effects , Surveys and Questionnaires , Urinary Incontinence/diagnosis , Prospective Studies , Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery , Quality of Life , Urodynamics , Urinary Incontinence, Stress/etiology , Urinary Incontinence, Urge/etiology , Urinary Incontinence/etiology
3.
Acta cir. bras ; 28(supl.1): 43-47, 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-663891

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Simple diversions are underutilized, mostly for unfit, bedridden, and very self-limited patients requiring palliative surgical management due to life-threatening conditions. Experience with cutaneous ureterostomy (CU) as palliative urinary diversion option for unfit bladder cancer patients is reported. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical and operative parameters of 41 patients who underwent CU following RC in three specialized Cancer Centers from July/2005 to July/2010. Muscle-invasive disease (clinical Stage T2/worse), multifocal high-grade tumor, and carcinoma in situ refractory to intravesical immunotherapy were the main indications for RC. Double-J ureteral stents were used in all patients and replaced every 6 months indefinitly. Peri-operative morbidity and mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: Median age was 69 years (interquartile range - IQR 62, 76); 30 (73%) patients were men. Surgery in urgency setting was performed in 25 (61%) of patients, most due to severe bleeding associated with hemodynamic instability; 14 patients (34%) showed an American Society of Anesthesiologists score 4. Median operative time was 180 minutes (IQR 120, 180). Peri-operative complications occurred in 30 (73%) patients, most Clavien grade I and II (66.6 %). There was no per-operative death. Re-intervention was necessary in 7 (17%) patients. Overall survival was 24% after 9.4 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: CU with definitive ureteral stenting represents a simplified alternative for urinary diversion after palliative cystectomy in unfit patients. It can be performed quickly, with few early and late postoperative complications allowing RC in a group of patients otherwise limited to suboptimal alternatives. Future studies regarding the quality of life are warranted.


OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência do emprego da ureterostomia cutânea (UC) como forma de derivação urinária definitiva em pacientes portadores de neoplasia vesical avançada, em más condições clínicas e que necessitam de tratamento paliativo. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os parâmetros clínicos e operatórios de 41 pacientes submetidos a cistectomia radical e UC em três centros oncológicos especializados. A UC foi a derivação urinária escolhida quando os pacientes não apresentavam condições clínicas de serem submetidos a outro tipo de derivação . Foram avaliados a morbidade peri-operatória e a sobrevida global. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 69 anos (intervalo interquartil - IQR 62, 76); 30 (73%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Vinte e cinco pacientes (61%) foram submetidos a cirurgia de urgência sendo a maioria devido a hemorragia grave associada a instabilidade hemodinâmica. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 180 minutos (IQR 120, 180). As complicações peri-operatórias ocorreram em 30 (73%) pacientes sendo a maioria classificadas como "Clavien" graus I e II (66,6%). Não houve óbito per-operatório. A reabordagem cirúrgica foi necessária em 7 (17%) dos pacientes e a sobrevida global foi de 24% após 9,4 meses de seguimento. CONCLUSÕES: A UC com implante de "stent" ureteral é uma alternativa simples de derivação urinária, após cistectomia paliativa, em pacientes sem condições clínicas de serem submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos mais complexos. A UC é um procedimento rápido e apresenta taxas de complicações aceitáveis. Essa alternativa cirúrgica permite melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de tumores vesicais localmente avançados.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Stents , Ureterostomy/methods , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/surgery , Urinary Diversion/methods , Cystectomy/methods , Follow-Up Studies , Palliative Care , Retrospective Studies , Survival Analysis , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality , Urinary Diversion/instrumentation
4.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 44(1): 57-62, jan.-mar. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-644424

ABSTRACT

Historicamente a abordagem da bexiga foi procedimento temido devido à alta morbidade. No século XIX foi proposto o acesso à bexiga por via suprapúbica, extraperitoneal, passando a ser amplamente utilizado. A cistostomia é a derivação vesical na qual se coloca um cateter no interior da bexiga, através da parede abdominal. São descritas as técnicas a céu aberto e por punção suprapúbica, suas indicações, contra-indicações e complicações.


Historically, surgery of the bladder has been feared due to the high morbidity associated with the procedure. In the nineteenth century, suprapubic, extraperitoneal access to the bladder was proposed and has been widely employed since then. Cystostomy is the vesical derivation in which a catheter is placed inside the bladder, through the abdominal wall. Here we discuss open surgical techniques and techniques involving suprapubic puncture, their indications, contraindications, and complications.


Subject(s)
Anastomosis, Surgical , Cystostomy
5.
Int. braz. j. urol ; 35(2): 217-226, Mar.-Apr. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-516963

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate histological features and biocompatibility of a latex biomembrane for bladder augmentation using a rabbit model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After a partial cystectomy, a patch of a non-vulcanized latex biomembrane (2x4 cm) was sewn to the bladder with 5/0 monofilament polydioxanone sulfate in a watertight manner. Groups of 5 animals were sacrificed at 15, 45 and 90 days after surgery and the bladder was removed. The 5-µm preparations obtained from grafted area and normal bladder were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with a primary antibody against alpha-actin to assess muscle regeneration. RESULTS: No death, urinary leakage or graft extrusion occurred in any group. All bladders showed a spherical shape. Macroscopically, after 90 days, the latex biomembrane was not identifiable and the patch was indistinguishable from normal bladder. A bladder stone was found in one animal (6.6 percent). On the 90th day, histology revealed continuity of transitional epithelium of host bladder tissue on the patch area. At this time, the muscle layers were well organized in a similar fashion to native bladder muscle layers. The inflammatory process was higher on grafted areas when compared to controls: 15 days - p < 0.0001, 45 days - p < 0.001, and 90 days - p < 0.01. The anti alpha-actin immunoexpression peaked at 45 days, when the graft was observed covered by muscle cells. CONCLUSION: The latex biomembrane is biocompatible and can be used in models for bladder augmentation in rabbits. It promotes epithelium and muscle regeneration without urinary leakage.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rabbits , Biocompatible Materials , Extracellular Matrix/transplantation , Latex , Muscle, Smooth/physiology , Regeneration , Urinary Bladder , Disease Models, Animal , Host vs Graft Reaction/physiology , Intestinal Mucosa/transplantation , Membranes, Artificial , Muscle, Smooth/cytology , Urinary Bladder/physiology , Urinary Bladder/surgery
6.
Acta cir. bras ; 23(supl.1): 31-35, 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-483120

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of ischemia/reperfusion injury on renal compensatory growth (CGR) and mitochondrial function. METHODS: Forty five Wistar rats were divided in 3 groups: Control Group (GC) - 21 rats were submitted to a sham laparotomy and sacrificed at 1st (6 rats) and 7th (15 rats) postoperative days to evaluate the dry weight of both kidneys and their growth during 1 week (6 rats) and to quantify mitochondrial respiration (9 rats); Group 1 (G1) - 12 rats underwent right nephrectomy and were sacrificed 7 days later for analysis of renal mitochondrial function (6 rats) and dry weight (6 rats). Group 2 (G2) - renal warm ischemia for 60 minutes followed by right nephrectomy was performed in 12 rats; they were sacrificed 7 days later to evaluate renal mitochondrial function (6 rats) and dry weight (6 rats). RESULTS: Dry weight (mg) of left kidneys at 7th day: GC - 219±18, G1 - 281±23 and G2 - 338±39 (GCxG1 p<0.01; GCxG2 p<0.001; G1xG2 p<0.01). State 4 mitochondrial respiration rate and respiratory control ratio (RCR) were similar in all groups (p>0.05). State 3 respirations (mM/min/mg) in GC, G1 and G2 was respectively: 99±23, 132±22 and 82±44 (p<0.02; the only statistical difference noted was between groups G1xG2 - p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Following unilateral nephrectomy CRG is associated with an increase in state 3 of mitochondrial respiration. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury enhances the CRG provoked by unilateral nephrectomy but such enhancement seems independent on mitochondrial respiration.


OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da lesão de isquemia/reperfusão na hipertrofia renal compensatória (HRC) e na função mitocondrial. MÉTODOS: 45 ratos Wistar foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo Controle (GC) - 21 ratos submetidos apenas à laparotomia e sacrificados no 1º dia (6 ratos) e 7º dia pós-operatório (15 ratos) para avaliar o peso seco de ambos os rins e seu crescimento durante uma semana (6 ratos) e quantificar a função mitocondrial (9 ratos); Grupo 1 (G1) - 12 ratos submetidos à nefrectomia direita e sacrificados após 7 dias para análise da função mitocondrial renal (6 ratos) e peso renal seco (6 ratos); Grupo 2 (G2) - isquemia renal quente durante 60 minutos no rim esquerdo seguida da nefrectomia direita foi realizada em 12 ratos, que foram sacrificados após 7 dias para avaliação da função mitocondrial (6 ratos) e peso seco (6 ratos). RESULTADOS: peso seco (mg) do rim esquerdo no 7º dia: GC= 219±18; G1=281±23 e G2=338±39 (GCxG1 p<0,01; GCxG2 p<0,001; G1xG2 p<0,01). O estado 4 da função mitocondrial e a Razão de Controle Respiratório (RCR) foram semelhantes em todos os grupos (p>0,05). O estado 3 da respiração mitocondrial (mMO2/min/mg) no GC, G1 e G2 foi, respectivamente: 99±23, 132±22 e 88±44 (p<0,02; a única diferença estatística foi observada entre os grupos G1xG2 - p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: após nefrectomia unilateral a HRC está associada ao aumento do estado 3 da respiração mitocondrial. A lesão de isquemia/reperfusão renal aumenta a HRC estimulada pela nefrectomia unilateral, mas este aumento parece independer da respiração mitocondrial.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Kidney/growth & development , Mitochondria/physiology , Reperfusion Injury/pathology , Warm Ischemia , Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Disease Models, Animal , Kidney/physiopathology , Kidney/surgery , Nephrectomy , Organ Size , Rats, Wistar , Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology , Time Factors
7.
Acta cir. bras ; 23(supl.1): 36-41, 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-483121

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To verify if rat kidneys lesioned by ischaemia followed by reperfusion are affected by cyclosporine A (CsA). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, control (GS) and experimental (G1 and G2). G1 was subdivided in two: G1A composed of animals submitted to 60 minutes ischaemia and G1C with the same ischaemic procedure associated to 20 mg/kg/day CsA. Group G2 was subdivided and treated in the same way as G1 except that ischaemia was applied only for 40 minutes. Clamping the left renal artery followed by right side nephrectomy induced kidney ischaemia. Serum urea and creatinine were quantified on the day of surgery (D0) and in the following day (D1). Twenty four hours after reperfusion the left kidney was removed and histologically analyzed. RESULTS: Group GS had normal values for urea and creatinine both on D0 and D1 and did not show structural alterations. Renal function was not significantly different when G2C was compared to GS (p>0.05). Tissue lesions were smaller in G2C than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Renal function was protected by CsA, which also reduced tissue lesions in the kidneys of rats submitted to 40 minutes ischaemia.


OBJETIVO: Verificar se a ciclosporina A (CsA) afeta a lesão provocada pela isquemia seguida de reperfusão em rins de ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos foram separados em grupos: 1 grupo controle (GS) e 2 grupos experimentais (G1 e G2). O G1 foi dividido em G1A - isquemia de 60 minutos; e G1C - isquemia de 60 minutos associada a 20 mg/kg/dia de CsA. O G2 foi dividido em G2C semelhante ao G1, exceto pelo tempo de isquemia de 40 minutos. A isquemia renal foi provocada pelo pinçamento da artéria renal esquerda, após o procedimento, foi realizada a nefrectomia direita. Dosagem de uréia e creatinina séricos foram feitos no dia da cirurgia (D0) e no dia seguinte (D1). Após 24 horas de reperfusão o rim esquerdo foi removido para análise histológica. RESULTADOS: No GS não foram observados alterações de uréia e creatinina em D0 e D1, tampouco alterações estruturais. A comparação entre GS e G2C não mostrou diferença na função renal (p>0,05); o grau de lesão tecidual foi menor em G2C do que nos demais grupos experimentais. CONCLUSÃO: A CsA protegeu a função renal e reduziu a lesão tecidual em rins de ratos submetidos a 40 minutos de isquemia.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Cyclosporine/pharmacology , Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology , Ischemia/complications , Kidney/blood supply , Kidney/drug effects , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Biomarkers/blood , Creatinine/blood , Disease Models, Animal , Ischemia/prevention & control , Kidney/physiopathology , Nephrectomy , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology , Time Factors , Urea/blood
8.
Acta cir. bras ; 23(supl.1): 42-46, 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-483122

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on renal function and lipid peroxidation in a rat model of kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Forty eight Wistar rats underwent a laparotomy for hilar clamping of left kidney with a bulldog clamp for 60 minutes followed by organ reperfusion and contralateral nephrectomy. Of these, 26 received 3mg/kg of CPZ intravenously 15 minutes before renal ischemia (G-E) while the remaining 22 were used as ischemic control group (G-C). Eleven rats of G-E and 8 of G-C were followed for blood urea nitrogen and creatinine determinations before renal ischemia and at 1st, 4th and 7th postoperative days. Samplings of left renal tissue were obtained at 5 minutes (5 rats from each group) and 24 hours (9 G-C and 10 of G-E) of reperfusion for malondialdehy (MDA) content determination. Controls of renal MDA content were determined in kidneys harvested from 6 additional normal rats. RESULTS: Acute renal failure occurred in all animals but levels of BUN and creatinine were significantly lower in G-E (p<0.001). MDA content rose strikingly at 5 minutes of reperfusion in both groups (p>0.05) and returned near to normal levels 24 hours later. CONCLUSION: CPZ conferred partial protection of renal function to kidneys submitted to ischemia/reperfusion injury that seems to be not dependent on inhibition of lipid peroxidation.


OBJETIVO: avaliar a influência da clorpromazina (CPZ) na função renal e na peroxidação lipídica num modelo de lesão de isquemia/reperfusão renal em ratos. MÉTODOS: 48 ratos Wistar foram submetidos à laparotomia para clampamento da artéria renal esquerda durante 60 minutos, seguido da reperfusão e nefrectomia contralateral. Destes animais, 26 receberam 3 mg/kg de CPZ intravenosa 15 minutos antes da isquemia renal (G-E), sendo os 22 animais restantes utilizados como grupo controle isquêmico (G-C). Em 11 ratos do G-E e 8 do G-C foi feita a dosagem de uréia e creatinina sérica antes da isquemia renal e no 1º, 4º e 7º dia pós-operatório. Amostras de tecido do rim esquerdo foram obtidas aos 5 minutos (5 ratos de cada grupo) e 24 horas após reperfusão (9 G-C e 10 G-E) para dosagem de malondialdeído (MDA). Valores controle para níveis de MDA foram obtidos em rins retirados de 6 ratos normais. RESULTADOS: insuficiência renal aguda ocorreu em todos os animais mas os níveis séricos de uréia e creatinina foram significativamente menores no G-E (p<0,001). Os níveis de MDA apresentaram elevação acentuada na avaliação aos 5 minutos de reperfusão em ambos os grupos (p<0,05), retornando a valores próximos aos normais na avaliação com 24 horas. CONCLUSÃO: a CPZ conferiu proteção parcial da função renal aos rins submetidos à lesão de isquemia e reperfusão, aparentemente independente da inibição da peroxidação lipídica.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Chlorpromazine/pharmacology , Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology , Ischemia/complications , Kidney/blood supply , Kidney/drug effects , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Biomarkers/blood , Creatinine/blood , Disease Models, Animal , Jaundice, Obstructive/drug therapy , Kidney/physiopathology , Malondialdehyde/blood , Nephrectomy , Rats, Wistar , Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology , Time Factors , Urea/blood
9.
Acta cir. bras ; 23(supl.1): 53-58, 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-483124

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: to evaluate structural and functional effects of Alloxan- induced diabetes and aging on bladder of rats. METHODS: evaluations were performed in three groups: A - 8 weeks of age, B - 44 weeks of age, C - 44 weeks of age with alloxan-induced diabetes. Muscle layer thickness, extracellular matrix fibrosis and collagen were quantified on digital images of bladder samples. Cystometric evaluations before surgical vesical denervation (SVD), included maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), maximum bladder pressure (MBP), bladder contraction frequency (VCF), duration of bladder contraction (DC), threshold pressure (TP) and bladder compliance (BC). After SVD, maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), BC and maximum urethral closing pressure (MUCP) were also measured. RESULTS: Reduced extracellular matrix fibrosis concentration and contraction strength were found in the bladders of group C. Before SVD, bladder compliance was not different between groups. Alterations were observed in MCC after SVD. CONCLUSIONS: We did not notice smooth muscle hypertrophy in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats after 44 weeks. There was alteration in the total and relative amount of fibrosis and collagen. The cystometric studies support the idea that this morphological alterations are important to determine the different bladder functional patterns found in the aging and the Alloxan-induced diabetic animals.


OBJETIVOS: avaliar alterações estruturais e funcionais da bexiga de ratos machos, associadas ao diabetes induzido por aloxano e ao envelhecimento. MÉTODOS: três grupos de animais: A - 8 semanas de idade; B- 44 semanas de idade; C - 44 semanas de idade com diabetes induzido por aloxano, foram avaliados. Realizadas medidas de espessura da camada muscular, fibrose de matriz extracelular e quantidade de colágeno, através de análise de imagem digital dos tecidos. Realizados também testes cistométricos, antes da desnervação vesical cirúrgica (DVC), para avaliar capacidade vesical (CV), intensidade máxima de contração vesical (IMCV) e complacência vesical. Após a DVC, foram avaliadas capacidade vesical após a desnervação (CVAD), complacência vesical (CV) e pressão de perda uretral (PPU). RESULTADOS: não foi observada hipertrofia da camada muscular nas bexigas; houve diminuição da concentração de fibrose da matriz extracelular e diminuição da força contrátil, e aumento da capacidade vesical no grupo C. CONCLUSÕES: a atrofia da camadas muscular da bexiga esta relacionada ao diabetes induzido por aloxano. O envelhecimento, como fenômeno isolado, provoca alterações nos parâmetros funcionais, porém associado ao diabetes, gera alterações na IMCV, CV e CVAD. Existe correlação entre alterações estruturais e funcionais nos animais diabéticos após a desnervação.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Aging/pathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology , Urinary Bladder/pathology , Alloxan , Cystotomy , Collagen/analysis , Disease Models, Animal , Denervation/adverse effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology , Extracellular Matrix/pathology , Fibrosis/pathology , Muscle Contraction/physiology , Muscle Strength/physiology , Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology , Muscular Atrophy/pathology , Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology , Rats, Wistar , Time Factors , Urinary Bladder/innervation , Urinary Bladder/physiopathology
10.
Acta cir. bras ; 23(supl.1): 59-65, 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-483125

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Urodynamic studies in small animals can be performed through urethral sounding or cystostomy. OBJECTIVE: To compare the two methods of urodynamic evaluation in female rats. METHODS: Ten female rats weighing on average 250g, under anesthesia with urethane (1,25 mg/kg) were submitted in three repeats to an urethal catheter of 0,64 mm in external diameter for cystometric measurements of vesicle pressure(VP1) and contraction time (CT1). The catheter was extracted at a constant velocity of 0.05 cm/minute until complete exteriorization and determinations of maximal urethral pressure (UP1) and functional urethral length (FUL1). This was followed by a cystostomy with catheter PE50 and a new determination of the vesical pressure (VP2). After bladder denervation, a new cystometric record indirectly infered the maximum urethral closure pressure (UP2). The peak urethal pressure (UP3) and the functional urethral length (FUL2) were determined in another urethral sounding. The pressure registration system consisted of a continuous infusion pump regulated to a flow of 0.1 ml/minute connected both to the cystostomy catheter (PE-50) or the urethal catheter (0.64mm) and the polygraph Narco-Biosystem. Statistical analysis employed the Wilcoxon non-parametric test RESULTS: Mean VP1= 48,2 mmHg (11,8 SD); Mean VP2 = 38,2 mmHg (9,0 SD) "p" (VP1 X VP2) = 0,0039. Mean CT1=30,2 s (21,5 SD); Mean CT2=20,0 s(7 SD) p (CT1 X CT2) = 1,28. Mean UP1 = 47,2 mmHg (6,5 SD); Mean UP2 = 21,3 mmHg (6,6 SD), mean UP3 = 40,7 mmHg(13,3 SD) p (UP1 X UP2) = 0,002; "p" (UP1 X UP3) = 0,084; p (UP2 X UP3) = 0,002. Mean FUL1=14,2 mm (1,9 SD); Mean FUL2= 14,1mm (1,9 SD); p (FUL1 X FUL2) = 0,64. CONCLUSIONS: The methods employed to evaluate vesical and urethral pressures are different. The presence of the urethral catheter may be an obstructive factor. Surgical denervation up to the bladder neck level does not compromise urethral function.


INTRODUÇÃO: O estudo urodinâmico em ratas pode ser realizado através de sondagem vesical por via uretral ou por cistostomia. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar estes dois métodos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 10 ratas da raça Wistar, peso médio de 250 gramas, anestesiadas com uretana (1,25 mg/kg). Inicialmente foi realizado estudo por sonda uretral (0,64 mm de diâmetro externo) para determinação da pressão vesical (PV1) e tempo de contração (TC1), após isto a sonda foi tracionada a velocidade constante (0,05 cm/m) até sua exteriorização pelo meato uretral, avaliando-se a pressão uretral máxima (PU1) e o comprimento funcional uretral (CFU1). Fez-se, então, a cistostomia (sonda PE50) para determinação da pressão vesical (PV2). A seguir, realizou-se desnervação cirúrgica da bexiga e realizou-se novo registro cistométrico para se inferir a pressão uretral indireta (PU2). Logo após, foi passada sonda uretral para determinação da pressão uretral máxima (PU3) e do comprimento funcional uretral (CFU2). O sistema de registro das pressões foi constituído de uma bomba de infusão contínua regulada para 0,1 ml/minuto conectada em Y com o cateter de cistostomia (PE-50) ou cateter uretral (0,64mm) a um polígrafo Narco-Bioystem. A análise estatística foi realizada através do método não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: Média PV1= 48,2 mmHg (11,8 SD); Média PV2 = 38,2 mmHg (9,0 SD). "p" (PV1 X PV2) = 0,0039. Média TC1=30,2 s (21,5 SD); Média TC2=20,0 (7 SD) p (TC1 X TC2) = 1,28. Média PU1 = 47,2 (6,5 SD); Média PU2 = 21,3 mmHg (6,6 SD), média PU3 = 40,7(13,3 SD) p (PU1 X PU2) = 0,002; "p" (PU1 X PU3) = 0,084; p (PU2 X PU3) = 0,002. Média CFU1=14,2 (1,9 SD); Média CFU2= 14,1 (1,9 SD); p (CFU1 X CFU2) = 0,64. CONCLUSÃO: Os métodos de avaliação urodinâmica são diferentes. A presença do cateter na uretra pode ser um fator obstrutivo. A desnervação cirúrgica, até o nível do colo vesical, não compromete a função uretral.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Cystostomy/standards , Urethra/physiopathology , Urinary Bladder/physiopathology , Urinary Catheterization/standards , Urination/physiology , Urodynamics/physiology , Denervation , Disease Models, Animal , Muscle Contraction/physiology , Pressure , Rats, Wistar , Urethra/surgery , Urinary Bladder/innervation , Urinary Bladder/surgery , Urinary Catheterization/methods
11.
Int. braz. j. urol ; 33(2): 195-203, Mar.-Apr. 2007. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-455595

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate treatment outcomes in Wilms' tumor (WT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 53 children with median age of 2 years with WT, stages I-19, II-14, III-12, IV-6 and V-2. Treatment consisted of surgical excision plus adjuvant (40 children) or neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy (unresectable tumor, n = 8, or caval tumor extension, n = 5). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed protocols of Brazilian Wilms' Tumor Study Group excepting 16 cases with stage I disease that received a short duration postoperative treatment with vincristine (VCR - 11 doses) and dactinomycin (AMD - 4 doses). Relapsed WT was treated with multiagent regimens including cisplatin/carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and etoposide. One patient with resistant relapsed WT was treated by high-dose conditioning chemotherapy with stem cell rescue. RESULTS: Overall and disease-free survival rates at 5 years were respectively 88.2 ± 5.0 percent and 76.7 ± 6.6 percent. Short duration therapy for stage I tumor showed a disease-free survival rate of 100 percent in a median time of 101 months (range 14 to 248 months). Overall and disease-free survival of 10 patients with recurrent WT at 5 years was 42.8 percent. The child treated with high-dose chemotherapy plus stem cell transplant is alive without evidence of disease 84 months from relapse. CONCLUSION: The postoperative chemotherapy in stage I disease can be reduced without compromising the cure rate. The treatment of unfavorable stage III and IV disease or relapsed tumor remains a challenge.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Kidney Neoplasms/surgery , Wilms Tumor/surgery , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Combined Modality Therapy/methods , Disease-Free Survival , Follow-Up Studies , Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasm Staging , Nephrectomy , Recurrence , Wilms Tumor/drug therapy
12.
Int. braz. j. urol ; 31(4): 384-389, July-Aug. 2005. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-412899

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Ions, particularly calcium ions, play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion cell injury. In this study, we investigated the action of verapamil on the mitochondrial function of kidneys submitted to ischemia without blood reperfusion in order to study isolated early and late ischemic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 44 rats were submitted to bilateral warm renal ischemia for 30 minutes. The kidneys were then immediately reperfused with saline or Euro-Collins (EC) solution, with and without previous administration of 0.35 mg/kg of verapamil. Mitochondrial function was assessed at the end of renal perfusion and after 24 hours of cold preservation. RESULTS: In kidneys perfused with saline, verapamil allowed a significant early preservation of state III mitochondrial respiration, a result that was no longer evident after 24 hours. In kidneys perfused with EC solution, verapamil did not change state III for either early or late evaluations. Comparison of the groups showed that the results obtained for kidneys perfused with EC were always superior to those obtained for the saline group, except for the initial analysis of kidneys treated with saline and verapamil, which showed results similar to those obtained with EC perfusion alone. CONCLUSION: Administration of verapamil before warm ischemia provides partial and short-lasting functional protection of the mitochondrial function in kidneys perfused with sodium rich saline. With Euro-Collins solution, verapamil did not show any additional beneficial effect. This fact permits us to conclude that protective action is effective only under conditions that facilitate increased sodium uptake and/or potassium loss.


Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Male , Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Hypertonic Solutions/pharmacology , Kidney/cytology , Mitochondria/physiology , Verapamil/pharmacology , Ischemia/etiology , Kidney/drug effects , Mitochondria/drug effects , Perfusion , Rats, Wistar
13.
Int. braz. j. urol ; 29(3): 234-237, May-Jun. 2003. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-364669

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) presents 2 options: medical or surgical, and there are doubts about what is the best treatment since 80 percent of patients who undergo surgery become asymptomatic and 10 to 40 percent of those under medical regimen undergo surgery within a 5 years period. It is difficult to assess the actual costs of treating BPH in Brazil due to several factors, among them regional particularities and the scarcity of current statistical data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Recently, in the Ribeirão Preto area, São Paulo, Brazil, the IPSS (International Prostatic Symptoms Score) and quality of life were verified in 934 volunteers. It was determined the percentage of individuals with ages ranging from 40 to 79 years with moderate symptoms (score 8-19) and with severe symptoms (score 20-35), values for which are indicated medical and surgical treatment, respectively, according to the Brazilian Society of Urology consensus on BPH. Data on Brazilian population in that age range were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics referent to the year of 2000. It was determined the number of patients, according to the criteria above, subjected to either one of the treatments mentioned. Surgical costs of prostate transurethral resection were researched according to Unified Health System - SUS tables (US$ 173) and of Brazilian Medical Society - AMB with a mean cost in 3 hospitals of US$ 933. Drug costs were calculated by the annual mean price (US$ 355) of 4 alpha-blockers (tamsulosin, alfuzosin, doxazosin and terazosin). RESULTS: The estimated population for medical treatment was 5,397,321 individuals, with a cost corresponding to US$ 1,916,489,055.00. The estimated population for surgical treatment was 2,040,299 men, what would represent a cost of US$ 353,291,204.00 based on the SUS table and of US$ 1,904,279,066.00 based on AMB with hospital expenses included. CONCLUSION: All theses facts induce us to predict that the treatment of BPH in a not-so-far future can become a public health problem for Brazilian society, since the current estimate would be, approximately, costs around 2.26 - 3.83 billion dollars, added by the yearly increase in the risk population (24.99 percent) for the group under medical treatment and over the non-operated amount of the surgical group.

14.
Int. braz. j. urol ; 29(2): 162-165, Mar.-Apr. 2003. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-347591

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Chagas' disease causes specific parasympathetic denervation and in its digestive clinic form promotes also functional alterations in bladder. Thus, the aim was to investigate the existence of balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in lower urinary tract, as occurs in other organs. We verified the urethral closing pressure before and following parasympathetic stimulus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For that, the urethral closure pressure was studied before and after the injection of 5 mg of bethanechol chloride subcutaneously in 28 voluntary female patients, divided into 4 groups. The constitution of theses groups was: A) normal control = 6 patients; B) Chagas' disease with positive serology only = 5 patients; C) Chagas' disease with cardiac disease = 6 patients, and D) Chagas' disease with digestive disease and vesical hyporeflexia = 11 patients. Urethral profilometry was performed through perfusion urethral catheter with a 6.5 ml/minute flow and a traction rate of 5 mm/minute. RESULTS: Means and standard deviations for urethral closure pressure before bethanechol chloride were respectively: group A = 67.3 ± 7.1; group B = 69.2 ± 7.4; group C = 95.8 ± 5.1; group D = 82.1 ± 8.4. After bethanechol chloride they were: group A = 66.0 ± 6.6; group B = 77.0 ± 7.6; group C = 98.3 ± 8.8; group D = 45.9 ± 6.2. The Kruskal Wallis statistical test did not show statistically significance difference between groups A, B, C. However, it was statistically significant between groups C and D with p = 0.003. Wilcoxon test showed p = 0.001, only for values in group D before and following bethanechol chloride. CONCLUSIONS: Chagas' disease in its intestinal form seems to alter urethral function as well. Parasympathetic stimulation decreased urethral pressure, indicating potential modulation by the parasympathetic system over the sympathetic system

15.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1456095

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To verify the efficacy and safety of compressed air to produce pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery in pigs for a training program of residence. METHODS: Dalland pigs weighing 15-17kg underwent general anethesia and mechanical ventilation. They were divided in 3 groups: A - (38) the pneumoperitnoneum was established with an automatic CO2 insufflator, B - (7) as in A except the CO2 gas was changed by compressed air, and C - (11) abdomen insufflation was obtained with compressed air directly from hospital pipe network system. Intra-abdominal pressure in all groups was kept between 12 and 15 mmHg. The laparoscopic procedures performed were distributed proportionally among groups: 20 bilateral nephrectomy, 20 dismembered pyeloplasty and 16 partial nephrectomy. Arterial blood sampling for gasometry was obtained before and 2h after establishment of pneumoperitoneum in 5 pigs of group C. RESULTS: The cost of 25 4,5kg CO2 container used in group A was R$ 3,150.00 (U$ 1,050.00). The mean length time of surgeries in groups A, B and C were respectively: 181±30min, 196±39min e 210±47min (p>0.05). Respiratory alkalosis occurred in 3 out of 5 pigs of group C. No animal exhibited signs of gas embolism or died during surgery. CONCLUSION: The use of compressed air for laparoscopy in pigs was safe, reduced costs and did not require the use of an automatic gas insufflator.


OBJETIVO: Testar a eficácia e segurança do pneumoperitônio com ar comprimido para cirurgias videolaparoscópicas em porcos em treinamento de residência médica. MÉTODOS: Porcos da raça Dalland de peso variável de 15 a 17kg foram submetidos a anestesia geral e respiração controlada. Eles foram divididos em 3 grupos: A - 38 animais com pneumoperitônio feito com insuflador automático de CO2 usando este gás; B - 7 animais sujeitos ao mesmo procedimento exceto que o CO2 foi substituído por ar comprimido; e, C - 11 animais em que o pneumoperitônio foi feito com ar comprimido diretamente da rede hospitalar. Nos 3 grupos a pressão intra-abdominal foi mantida entre 12 e 14mmHg. Os procedimentos realizados foram distribuídos proporcionalmente nos 3 grupos: nefrectomia bilateral - 20, pieloplastia desmembrada - 20 e nefrectomia parcial - 16. Antes e 2h após o pneumoperitônio foi colhido sangue arterial para gasometria em 5 porcos do grupo C. RESULTADOS: Foram consumidos 25 torpedos de 4,5kg de CO2 a um custo total de R$ 3.150,00 no grupo A. A duração média da cirurgia nos grupos A, B e C foram respectivamente: 181±30min, 196±39min e 210±47min (p>0.05). Alcalose respiratória foi observada em 3/5 porcos testados do grupo C. Nenhum animal apresentou sinais de embolia gasosa ou faleceu durante o procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de ar comprimido para laparoscopias em porcos mostrou-se método seguro com redução de custos e tornou desnecessário o uso de insuflador automático.

16.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1456099

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the influence of prostate volume on the performance of total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) and free PSA (fPSA) on the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma. METHODS: A total of 188 patients underwent transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies (10-12 cores) due to prostate nodes detected by digital rectal examination and/or tPSA range of 2.5-10ng/ml. Mean age was 65.7±8.7 years. 19/100 (19%)(GI) patients with prostate volume >40ml had prostate cancer while the corresponding figure for patients with prostate 40ml was 26/88 (29.5%)(GII). We analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of tPSA at cut-off points of 2.5 and 4ng/ml as well as the influence of the ratio f/tPSA in both groups of patients. RESULTS: In the group GI tPSA sensitivity and specificity were 94.4% and 19.5% at the cut-off level of 4ng/ml and 100% and 6% at 2.5ng/ml. The corresponding values for GII were 76.5% and 62.9%, and 100% and 19.3%. In group GI a cut-off of 19% for the ratio f/tPSA kept tPSA sensitivity over 90% while the specificity increased to 46.2% at cut-off level of 4ng/ml and to 32.9% at 2.5ng/ml. In the group GII the ratio f/tPSA was not able to increase the specificity of tPSA at a cut-off level of 4ng/ml without an expressive reduction of sensitivity. On the other side, for this group a cut-off of 16% for the f/tPSA ratio rose the specificity to 46.7% for a sensitivity over 90%. CONCLUSION: We recommend stratification of patients according to prostate volume to define tPSA cut-off point. The cut-off level of 2.5ng/ml for tPSA combined with f/tPSA ratio of 19% in prostates >40ml and 16% in prostates 40ml was a better option for prostate biopsy indication than tPSA at a cut-off of 4ng/ml associated or not with f/tPSA ratio.


OBJETIVO: Investigar a influencia do volume prostático no desempenho do PSA total (tPSA) e livre (fPSA) no diagnóstico do adenocarcinoma prostático. MÉTODOS: 188 patients foram submetidos à biópsias prostáticas guiadas por ultra-som trans-retal (10-12 fragmentos) por apresentarem toque retal alterado e/ou tPSA entre 2,5 e 10ng/ml. A idade média foi 65,7±8,7 anos. A prevalência do câncer foi de 19% (19/100) em pacientes com próstatas >40ml (GI) e 29,5% (26/88) naqueles com próstatas 40ml (GII). Analisamos a sensibilidade e a especificidade do tPSA em corte de 2,5ng/ml e 4ng/ml bem como a influência do fPSA nos dois grupos de pacientes. RESULTADOS: No grupo GI a sensibilidade e a especificidade do tPSA foram de 94,4% e 19,5% no corte de 4ng/ml e 100% e 6% no corte de 2,5ng/ml. Para o grupo GII os valores correspondentes foram 76,5% e 62,9%, e 100% e 19,3%. No GI a aplicação da fração f/tPSA, corte de 19%, manteve a sensibilidade do teste acima de 90% e elevou a especificidade para 46,2% no corte de 4ng/ml e 32,9% no corte de 2,5ng/ml. No GII a fração f/tPSA não foi capaz de elevar a especificidade do tPSA sem afetar significativamente a sensibilidade. Porém, neste grupo o uso do quociente f/tPSA de 16% elevou a especificidade do tPSA, corte de 2,5ng/ml, para 46,7% para sensibilidade acima de 90%. CONCLUSÃO:Recomenda-se estratificar os pacientes segundo o volume prostático para definir o corte do tPSA. O tPSA no corte de 2,5ng/ml, associado ao f/TPSA de 19% em próstatas >40ml e de 16% para próstatas 40ml representou melhor opção para indicação de biópsia que o tPSA no corte de 4ng/ml associado ou não à fração f/tPSA.

17.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1456101

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide acts as a non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic neurotransmitter in the bladder and urethra. It activates the guanilatocyclase that transforms GMP in cGMP which promotes muscle relaxation. Sildenafil citrate increases the cGMP concentration by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase responsible for its hydrolysis. METHODS: 6 female rats weighing 200g were anesthetized with urethane at a dosage of 1.25mg/kg. All animals underwent cystostomy with a catheter P50 connected by a Y to an infusion pump and to a polygraph Narco-Biosystem. The cystometry was performed trice in each animal: right after the cystostomy, after surgical of bladder denervation and 1h after gastric infusion of 1mg/kg of sildenafil citrate. Maximum (MaP) and minimum (MiP) vesical pressure were compared in the following moments: I - before bladder denervation, II - after bladder denervation and III - after bladder denervation and sildenafil administration. Wilcoxon test was used for a level of significance of 5%. RESULTS: Mean values of MaP were: I - 86.6±10.1, II - 42.6±15.0 and III - 30.8±12.4. The corresponding values of MiP were: : I - 72.1±18.9, II - 31.1±9.8 and III - 14.5±9.5. The comparison between MaP and MiP in each moment showed difference only in moment III (p 0.01). For MaP p value was 0.002 in IxII and IxIII and >0.05 in IIxIII. For MiP the p values were 0.004 in IxII, 0.002 in IxIII and 0.01 in IIxIII. CONCLUSION: 1) Bladder denervation reduces maximum and minimum urethral pressure; 2) Sildenafil citrate reduces the minimum urethral pressure widening the interval between the peak and bottom pressures; and, 3) Sildenafil citrate does not interfere on the peak urethral pressure after bladder denervation.


O óxido nítrico atua como neurotransmissor não adrenérgico e não colinérgico na bexiga e na uretra. Sua forma de ação se faz pela ativação da guanilatociclase responsável pela transformação de GMP em GMPc que promove o relaxamento da fibra muscular lisa. O citrato de sildenafil causa aumento do GMPc, através da inibição de fosfodiesterases, que hidrolisam o GMPc. Assim, o objetivo do experimento foi verificar sua ação na uretra. MÉTODOS: Estudou-se 6 ratas com peso aproximado de 200g. A anestesia foi com uretana na dose de 1,25 mg/kg. As cistometrias, em número de 3, foram realizadas através de cistostomia com cateter P50. A primeira logo após a cistostomia; a segunda depois da desnervação cirúrgica da bexiga e a terceira uma hora após a infusão gástrica do citrato de sildenafil. O sistema de registro das pressões constou de uma bomba de infusão contínua regulada para 0,3ml/minuto conectada em Y com o cateter P50 e a um polígrafo Narco-Bioystem. Nas cistometrias avaliou-se as pressões vesicais máxima e mínima nos momentos: normais-(I); desnervadas (II) e desnervadas com citrato de sildenafil na dose de 1 mg/kg (III). A análise estatística foi feita pelo método de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: As médias das pressões máximas (pma) foram: momentos I (x=86,6 - SD=10,1) ; momentos II (x=42,6 - SD=15,0) e momentos III (x=30,8 - SD=12,4). As médias das pressões mínimas (pmi) foram: momentos I (x=72,1 - SD=18,9); momentos II (x=31,1 - SD=9,8); momentos III ( x=14,5 - SD=9,5). A análise estatística entre as pma e pmi no mesmo grupo mostrou p 0,01 para o grupo III, sendo maior que 0,05 para os demais. A comparação das pma revelou p 0,002 entre os momentos I-II e I-III, sendo maior que 0,05 entre os momentos II e III. A comparação das pmi mostrou p 0,004 entre os momentos I-II; p 0,002 entre os momentos I -III e p 0,01 entre os momentos II-III, havendo portanto nível de significância entre os 3 momentos. CONCLUSÕES: 1) A desnervação vesical promove queda nas pressões uretrais máxima e mínima; 2) O Citrato de sildenafil amplia a faixa pressórica de trabalho da uretra devido a diminuição da pressão mínima; 3) O citrato de sildenafil não altera a pressão uretral máxima depois da desnervação.

18.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1456103

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infectious diseases diagnosed. UTI account for a large proportion of antibacterial drug consumption and have large socio-economic impacts. Since the majority of the treatments begins or is done completely empirically, the knowledge of the organisms, their epidemiological characteristics and their antibacterial susceptibility that may vary with time is mandatory. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility of the community acquired UTI diagnosed in our institution and to provide a national data. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the results of urine cultures of 402 patients that had community acquired urinary tract infection in the year of 2003. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in this study was 45.34 ± 23.56 (SD) years. There were 242 (60.2%) females and 160 (39.8%) males. The most commonly isolated organism was Escherichia coli (58%). Klebsiella sp. (8.4%) and Enterococcus sp.(7.9%) were reported as the next most common organisms. Of all bacteria isolated from community acquired UTI, only 37% were sensitive to ampicillin, 51% to cefalothin and 52% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The highest levels of susceptibility were to imipenem (96%), ceftriaxone (90%), amikacin (90%), gentamicin (88%), levofloxacin (86%), ciprofloxacin (73%), nitrofurantoin (77%) and norfloxacin (75%). CONCLUSION: Gram-negative agents are the most common cause of UTI. Fluoroquinolones remains the choice among the orally administered antibiotics, followed by nitrofurantoin, second and third generation cephalosporins. For severe disease that require parenteral antibiotics the choice should be aminoglycosides, third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones or imipenem, which were the most effective.


INTRODUÇÃO: Devido a freqüência a infecção do trato urinário (ITU) responde por consumo elevado de antibióticos e tem impacto sócio-economico elevado. Como a escolha do antimicrobiano no início do tratamento ou para o tratamento completo é geralmente empírica, o conhecimento da prevalência bacteriana e sua sensibilidade, que podem variar no tempo, é mandatoria. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do trabalho é relatar a freqüência das cepas bacterianas diagnosticadas em nossa instituição, bem como a sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos, e prover dados nacionais. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os resultados de cultura de urina de 402 pacientes com ITU adquirida na comunidade e tratados em nossa instituição. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 45,3±23,5 anos, 242 (60,2%) dos quais eram mulheres e 160 (39,8%) eram homens. A bactéria mais freqüente foi a E. coli (58%) seguida de Klebsiella sp. (8,4%) e Enterococcus sp. (7,9%). Das bactéria isoladas somente 37% apresentavam sensibilidade à ampicilna, 51% à cefalotina e 52% ao trimxazol. As maiores taxas de sensibilidade ocorreram para o imipenem (96%), ceftriaxone (90%), amicacina (90%), gentamicina (88%), levofloxacina (86%), ciprofloxacina (73%), nitrofurantoina (77%) e norfloxacina (75%). CONCLUSÃO: As bactérias Gram-negativas são a causa mais comum de ITU comunitária. Os antimicrobianos de escolha para tratamento oral são as fluoroquinolonas, nitrofurantoina, cefalosporinas de segunda e terceira geração. Para quadros graves que requerem antibiótico parenteral a escolha recai sobre os aminoglicosídeos, cefalosporinas de terceira geração e imipenem.

19.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1456104

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomially acquired infection. It is important to know the etiology and antibiotic susceptibility infectious agents to guide the initial empirical treatment. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of bacterial strains and their antibiotic susceptibility in nosocomially acquired urinary tract infection in a university hospital between January and June 2003. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 188 patients with positive urine culture (= 10(5) colony-forming units/mL) following a period of 48 hours after admission. RESULTS: Half of patients were male. Mean age was 50.26 ± 22.7 (SD), range 3 months to 88 years. Gram-negative bacteria were the agent in approximately 80% of cases. The most common pathogens were E. coli (26%), Klebsiella sp. (15%), P. aeruginosa (15%) and Enterococcus sp. (11%). The overall bacteria susceptibility showed that the pathogens were more sensible to imipenem (83%), second or third generation cephalosporin and aminoglycosides; and were highly resistant to ampicillin (27%) and cefalothin (30%). It is important to note the low susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (42%) and norfloxacin (43%). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that if one can not wait the results of urine culture, the best choices to begin empiric treatment are imipenem, second or third generation cephalosporin and aminoglycosides. Cefalothin and ampicillin are quite ineffective to treat these infections.


INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção urinária é a mais comum das infecções hospitalares. O conhecimento da prevalência das cepas bacterianas e do antibiograma é importante para orientar a escolha inicial do antibiótico. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência bacteriana e a sensibilidade aos antibióticos na infecção urinária hospitalar, em um hospital universitário, período janeiro-junho de 2003. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os prontuários de 188 pacientes com urocultura positiva (³ 10(5) c olônias/ml), depois de decorrido um período de pelo menos 48h da internação. RESULTADOS: Metade dos pacientes era homens. A idade média da amostra foi 50,2±22.7 anos com variação de 3 meses a 88 anos. Em 80% dos casos a bactéria identificada era Gram-negativa. Os micróbios mais comuns foram E. coli (26%), Klebsiella sp (15%), P. aeruginosa (15%) e Enterococcus sp (11%). O antibiograma mostrou maior sensibilidade bacteriana ao imipenem (83%), cefalosporinas de segunda e terceira geração e aminoglicosídeos e grande resistência à ampicilina e cefalotina. A sensibilidade foi baixa também para ciprofloxacina (42%) e norfloxacina (43%). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que se não for possível aguardar os resultados da cultura e antibiograma a melhor escolha para início do tratamento seria o imipenem, cefalosporinas de segunda e terceira geração e aminoglicosídeos. A cefalotina e a ampicilina não constituem boa opção para o tratamento empírico inicial.

20.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1456106

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the initial experience of the Division of Urology from HCFMRP-USP on the transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy. METHODS: We analyze retrospectively 11 cases of laparoscopic adrenalectomy carried out from February of 1,999 to March of 2,003. The sample included all patients operated on through this method in such period and was composed of 3 (27%) men and 8 (73%) women with a mean age of 40,2 ± 13,1 years. The patients had the following diagnosis: adenoma - 5, Cushing's syndrome - 3, feocromocytoma - 1, Conn's syndrome - 1 and Carey's syndrome - 1. RESULTS: The adrenalectomy was bilateral in 5 (45.4%) patients and unilateral in 6 (54.6%) being 4 (36.4%) on the right side and 2 (18.2%) on the left side. The mean hospital stay was 3,6 ± 1,1 days and the mean operating time was 220,5 ± 103,7 minutes. Conversion to open surgery was required in 2 patients (18.2%). CONCLUSION: The results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy were similar to those reported elsewhere and corroborate the safety and efficacy of the method resulting in an acceptable surgical time, faster postoperative recovery and shorter hospital stay.


OBJETIVO: Analisar a experiência inicial da Divisão de Urologia do HCFMRP-USP na adrenalectomia transperitoneal videolaparoscópica. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 11 casos de adrenalectomia transperitoneal laparoscópica realizados de fevereiro de 1999 a março de 2003 sendo 3 em homens( 27%) e 8 em mulheres (73%), idade média de 40,2 ± 13,1 anos. Os pacientes apresentavam os diagnósticos seguintes: adenoma - 5, síndrome de Cushing - 3, feocromocitoma - 1, hiperaldestorismo - 1 e síndrome de Carney - 1. RESULTADOS: A cirurgia foi bilateral em 05 pacientes (45,4%) e unilateral em 06 pacientes (54,6 %), destes 04 à direita (36,4%) e 02 à esquerda (18,2%). O tempo médio de internação foi de 3,6 ± 1,1 dias, o tempo médio de cirurgia foi de 220,5 ± 103,7 minutos e a taxa de conversão foi de 18,2%. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apresentados são similares aos relatados pela literatura, demonstrando que a adrenalectomia videolaparoscópia pode ser realizada de maneira segura e eficiente com benefícios: tempo cirúrgico aceitável, rápida recuperação pós-operatória e alta precoce.

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