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Relevant research in recent years has demonstrated that the atrial fibrillation occurrence rate is significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis. The most common indication for long-term anticoagulant therapy is chronic atrial fibrillation. The use of anticoagulant therapy greatly reduces the incidence rate of ischemic stroke. Patients with cirrhosis combined with atrial fibrillation have an elevated risk of bleeding and embolism during anticoagulant therapy due to cirrhotic coagulopathy. At the same time, the liver of such patients will go through varying levels of metabolism and elimination while consuming currently approved anticoagulant drugs, thereby increasing the complexity of anticoagulant therapy. This article summarizes the clinical studies on the risks and benefits of anticoagulant therapy in order to provide a reference for patients with cirrhosis combined with atrial fibrillation.
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Humans , Atrial Fibrillation/epidemiology , Stroke/epidemiology , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Hemorrhage , Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Tianxiong has been used as a Chinese medicinal in China for thousands of years, and the earliest record can be traced back to the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. It is effective in dispersing wind, dissipating cold, and replenishing fire to streng-then yang. To clarify the origin of Tianxiong, the present herbalogical study reviewed the ancient and modern literature from the origin, processing, and clinical efficacy. Before the Tang Dynasty, although the description of Tianxiong was quite superficial, an apparent difference between Tianxiong and Fuzi was recognized. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Tianxiong and Fuzi were mistakenly recognized to be prepared from a same plant since their raw materials came from artificial cultivation. Medical literature in the Ming and Qing Dynasties mostly followed the previous records, with the origin of Tianxiong remaining controversial. There were three mainstream views about the origin of Tianxiong according the ancient medical books. First, Tianxiong was a kind of Aconiti Radix(Chuanwu) without attachment of Fuzi. Second, Tianxiong was the large Fuzi. Third, Tianxiong derived from Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix(Caowu) about 10 cm in length. By contrast, Fuzi in a large size was simply regarded as Tianxiong in modern times. The processing methods were diversified in the ancient times, and the fire-processing was continuously applied. With the deepening of the research on the efficacy and detoxification mechanism, more methods were discovered, such as processing with ginger juice, child's urine and alcohol. As for modern times, the processing of Tianxiong has not been nearly passed down. The characteristic processing of Tianxiong only handed down in Sichuan province and Lingnan area, which can be discriminated by the last step. The efficacies of Tianxiong can be directly understood from its literal name, including dispersing wind, dissipating cold, and replenishing fire to assist yang. Nowadays, Tianxiong is mostly used to strengthen yang.
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Child , Humans , Aconitum , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Materia Medica , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Plant ExtractsABSTRACT
Coicis Semen is widely used as a raw material which can be used as both medicine and food among people. According to the ancient monographs on materia medica and relevant documents on the processing specifications in various provinces and cities, herba logical study on the historical evolution of the processing methods of Coicis Semen was conducted in this paper from the aspects of collecting and processing methods of Coicis Semen, the processing methods in the past dynasties and the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen. The results showed that the processing methods of Coicis Semen recorded in monographs on materia medica mainly included stir-frying, glutinous rice stir-frying, salt processing(including salt cooking and salt stir-frying), stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east, and ginger juice stir-frying, etc. Among them, stir-frying, and stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east are still used nowadays. The bran stir-frying is the improved version of glutinous rice stir-frying in order to be adaptive to the modern-day situation and the needs of the present. In addition, the ancient shell removal and kernel keeping method are also included in the processing procedures in modern local processing specifications, which are combined with frying to form a new method named "Fazhi" processing( "Fazhi" means a processing method of multiple procedures). The 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia records that Coicis Semen is helpful to clear dampness and promote diuresis, strengthen the spleen and prevent diarrhea, eliminate impediment, discharge pus, resolve toxin and a mass, etc., which are consistent with those contained in ancient monographs on materia medica. After the "Fazhi" processing, the cold nature of Coicis Semen has been removed and its nature,flavour and meridian tropism have been changed, so its application scopes expanded. The results of this study clearly traced the history of the collecting and proces-sing of Coicis Semen, summarized the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen contained in both ancient and modern literature, and provided a historical basis for the standardization of the subsequent processing technology of Coicis Semen, the clinical application of various processed products, and the further development and utilization of medicinal materials.
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Coix , Cooking , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Zingiber officinale , Materia Medica , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , OryzaABSTRACT
Objective:To identify a two-component signaling system (TCSS) composed of β-lactam antibiotic resistance-associated intracellular CiaR and transmembrane serine/threonine kinase StkP of Streptococcus pneumoniae ( S. pneumoniae). Methods:The intracellular segment of stkP gene (IC- stkP) was amplified by PCR and the PCR product was sequenced after T-A cloning. A prokaryotic expression system for IC- stkP segment was established. SDS-PAGE was used to detect the expression of the target recombinant proteins (rIC-StkP and rCiaR) by the established prokaryotic expression system and a previously established prokaryotic expression system for ciaR gene. Ni-NTA affinity chromatography was used to purify the recombinant proteins. The rIC-StkP-captured target proteins of S. pneumoniae were identified by LC-MS/MS after Co-IP. The ability of rCiaR to bind to rIC-StkP was detected by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Results:The established prokaryotic expression system for IC- stkP segment could effectively express rIC-StkP. Both rIC-StkP and rCiaR after purification showed a single protein band on SDS-PAGE. CiaR could be specifically co-precipitated with rIC-StkP. Three extracted cleaved peptides were found in CiaR molecule with exactly matched sequences. SPR and ITC showed that rCiaR could strongly bind to rIC-StkP with high affinity and the KD values were 1.526×10 -9 mol/L and 1.980×10 -6 mol/L, respectively. Conclusions:S. pneumoniae CiaR could act as the downstream response regulatory protein of StkP kinase to compose StkP/CiaR TCSS.
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Objective::To study the spectrum-effect relationship between HPLC fingerprints and anti-hepatoma activity of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, P. forrestii and P. vietnamensis, and to elucidate its effective substance. Method::HPLC was used to establish the fingerprint of three extracts from the plant. The mobile phase was consisted of acetonitrile (A)-water (B) for gradient elution (0-10 min, 20%A; 10-20 min, 20%-25%A; 20-30 min, 25%-30%A; 30-40 min, 30%-35%A; 40-50 min, 35%-40%A; 50-60 min, 40%A; 60-75 min, 40%-45%A; 75-80 min, 45%-60%A), and the flow rate was 0.9 mL·min-1. The UV detection wavelength was 203 nm. Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) array was used to detect the inhibitory effects of three extracts on the proliferation of HepG2 cells, and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated. Cluster analysis and grey relational analysis were used to analyze the data of spectrum and efficacy, and to find out the components that contributed a lot to the anti-liver cancer effect. Result::A total of 11 common peaks were identified as common peaks among HPLC fingerprints of three kinds of Paris. After treated 72 h, P. forrestii has the highest inhibitory effect on the HepG2 cells, the IC50 of P. forrestii, P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and P. vietnamensis were 148.33, 178.87, 208.09 mg·L-1, respectively. According to the grey relational analysis, the common peaks 1-10 from P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis had great correlation to anti-tumor effect, and the common peaks 1-7 for P. forrestii, the common peaks 1-4, 6-10, N1 for P. vietnamensis, all the correlation degrees with IC50 were >0.7.Cluster analysis of variables in each Paris showed that peaks with correlation degree >0.7 could cluster with IC50. Conclusion::The established HPLC fingerprint method is reliable with good reproducibility. The peaks 1-4, 6 and 7 from three kinds of Paris have the greatest contribution to the anti-hepatoma effect.
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Objective:To analyze and determine heavy metal content in Paridis Rhizoma from different genus and localities,in order to provide a reference for selecting cultivation areas and establishing the quality standard of Paridis Rhizoma of heavy metals content. Method:Microwave digestion method combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry method (ICP-AES) method were applied to determine the contents of 6 heavy metals,i.e. As,Cu,Hg,Cd,Pb and Cr in 39 samples of Paridis Rhizoma of different genus and localities in Yunnan Province. Cluster analysis,statistical analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to compare the differences of heavy metals contents in different localities and species. Result:The contents of six heavy metals in Paridis Rhizoma met the ISO international standard of Heavy Metal Limit of Traditional Chinese Medicine-traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials. Under the limited value standard of Green Trade Standards of Importing Medicinal Plants and Preparations,the over-standard rate of heavy metal As was 15.4%,the excess rate of Cd was 5.1%,and the excess rate of Pb was 2.6%. The contents of Cu and Hg conformed to relevant requirements. Cluster analysis,statistical analysis and principal component analysis showed that for the same variety,differences in producing places had significant effects on heavy metal content,while differences in species had little effects. Conclusion:The results of this study indicated that the heavy metal content of Paris planted in and around Dali basically conformed to relevant standards. The differences of heavy metal content in Paris were mainly regional differences,which provided a theoretical basis for standardizing the cultivation of medicinal materials and formulating the limit standards of heavy metals for Paridis Rhizoma.
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Objective:To established an approach of chemical fingerprinting and study the differences of the polysaccharides from three species of Polygonati Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia,so as to provide reference for quality evaluation and clinical application of Polygonati Rhizoma. Method:The polysaccharides were extracted by water extraction and alcohol precipitation from Polygonati Rhizoma. After hydrolysis by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and pre-column derivation by PMP,the chromatographic fingerprints of three kinds of Polygonati Rhizoma were established by high performance liquid chromatography. The fingerprinting model and chemometrics method,include similarity analysis (SA),cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for compare the differences among three species. Result:There were some differences in the PMP-HPLC fingerprints and monosaccharide composition from the three species. The D-mannose,L-rhamnose and L-fucose were not detected,but they all contained D-galacturonic acid,D-glucosamine hydrochloride,D-galactose,D-glucose and D-xylose among three species. The PCA and HCA analysis showed that chromatographic fingerprints of P. cyrtonema and P. sibiricum were similar,while P. kingianum and other two species were significantly different. Conclusion:There are differences in fingerprints of polysaccharides among three species of Polygonati Rhizoma. The possible effects of species should be considered in clinical application. The established PMP-HPLC is a simple,accurate and reproducible method,which can be used for the quality evaluation of Polygonati Rhizoma.
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Genus Polygonatum,belonging to the Liliaceae family,is mostly medicine food homology species,which have been documented as treating " dry mouth,less food,and internal heat and thirst" in medical ancient books. In traditional Chinese medicine clinic,it was used to treat diabetes,hyperlipemia and asa rehabilitation therapy of cancer. With deepening the basic research and industrial development of this genus,the bioactive component groups and their action mechanisms of prevention and treatment of diabetes and diabetic complication continue to be revealed. By consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicine and modern literature,the research on the herbology,material basis and mechanism of the genus Polygonatum were reviewed. The result indicated that the plants of Polygonatum were used for the treatment of diabetes,based on the ancient herbal literature and modern research,the polysaccharides,flavonoids and saponins were their active ingredients. Among them,the significant chemical constituents of decreasing blood glucose were Polygonatum polysaccharides,and the flavonoids and saponins also have this function. Although some scholars have studied the anti-diabetic efficacy and material basis of genus of Polygonatum,the pharmacodynamics,mechanism and metabolic pathways are not clear. Therefore,further strengthening of the related research of genus of Polygonatum,especially use of modern scientific and technological research to clarify the material basis of its efficacy,and mechanisms,are crucial to accelerate the modernization and development of anti-diabetic drugs and utilization of genus of Polygonatum.
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Paris is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and has antitumor, antibacterial, sedative, analgesic and hemostatic effects. It has been used as an ingredient of 81 Chinese patent medicines, with a wide application and large market demand. Based on the data retrieved from state Intellectual Property Office patent database, a comprehensive analysis was made on Paris patents, so as to explore the current features of Paris patents in the aspects of domestic patent output, development trend, technology field distribution, time dimension, technology growth rate and patent applicant, and reveal the development trend of China's Paris industry. In addition, based on the current Paris resource application and development, a sustainable, multi-channel and multi-level industrial development approach was built. According to the results, studies of Paris in China are at the rapid development period, with a good development trend. However, because wild Paris resources tend to be exhausted, the studies for artificial cultivation technology should be strengthened to promote the industrial development.
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Drug Development , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Melanthiaceae , Chemistry , Patents as Topic , Plants, Medicinal , ChemistryABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the effect of acupuncture on the expression of mitochondrial proteome in hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse prone g (SAMPg) mice models with Alzheimer disease (AD),and to explore the possible protective mechanism of acupuncture on mitochondria.Methods:Sixty 6-month-old male SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into an acupuncture at acupoint group,an acupuncture at non-acupoint group and a model group,20 mice in each group.The 20 male senescence-accelerated mouse/resistance 1 (SAMR1) mice of the same age were used as a normal control group.Shenshu (BL 23),Baihui (GV 20),Xuehai (SP 10) and Geshu (BL 17) were selected for acupuncture intervention in acupuncture at acupoint group.After an 8-week intervention,mitochondrial tissues were extracted from the hippocampus.Differentially expressed proteins were identified by subcellular organelle proteomics.Western blot was used to verify the expressions of some related proteins in hippocampal mitochondria.Results:Compared with the model group,there were 13 differentially expressed protein spots in the acupuncture at acupoint group,of which,9 were up-regulated,including neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL),actin (cytoplasmic 1,database ID:ACTB),tubulin beta-2A chain (TBB2A),tropomodulin-2 (TMOD2),pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta (PDHE1-β),NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit (database ID:NDUS1),heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (HSC71),pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha (PDHE1-α) and ATP synthase beta subunit (ATP-β);4 were down-regulated,including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1 (PDP1),mitochondrial-processing peptidase subunit alpha (MMP-α) and adenosine kinase (ADK).According to the information provided in the protein database,most of the differentially expressed proteins involve the regulation of mitochondrial function and structure.The expression levels of NFL and TBB2A in the normal control group and the acupuncture at acupoint group were significantly higher than those in the acupuncture at non-acupoint group (P＜0.05).ATP-β and NDUS1 expression levels were significantly higher in the acupuncture at acupoint group than those in the acupuncture at non-acupoint group (P＜0.05);there was no significant difference between the acupuncture at non-acupoint group and the model group (P＞0.05).Conclusion:Acupuncture may achieve the potential therapeutic effect on AD by regulating the structure and functional proteins of hippocampal mitochondria.
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Objective To investigate the effect of acupuncture on behaviors and its mechanism of action in a SAMP8 mouse model of Alzheimer disease.Methods Sixty 6-month-old male SAMP8 mice were randomized to acupuncture,model and non--acupoint groups.Twenty male SAMP 1 mice of the same age constituted a normal control group.The acupuncture group received intervention by acupuncture at Shenshu,Baihui,Xuehai and Geshu.After eight weeks,a behavioral test was performed using the Morris water maze in every group of mice.The expressions of Flotillin-1,NEP and Aβ42 in mouse hippocampus were determined by western blot.Results The Morris water maze test showed that as compared with the model group,escape latency shortened significantly (P＜0.05) and the time spent in the former platform quadrant and the number of former platform position crossings increased (P＜0.05) in the acupuncture group of mice;escape latency,the time spent in the former platform quadrant and the number of former platform position crossings had no significant differences in the non-meridian-acupoint group of mice (all P＞0.05).As compared with the model group,Flotillin-1 expression decreased significantly in the acupuncture group (P＜0.05) but had no significant difference in the non-meridian-acupoint group (P＞0.05);NEP expression increased significantly in the acupuncture group (P＜0.05) but had no significant difference in the non-meridian-acupoint group (P＞0.05);Aβ42 expression decreased significantly in the acupuncture group (P＜ 0.05) but had no significant difference in the non-meridian-acupoint group (P＞0.05).Conclusions Acupuncture can markedly improve learning and memory abilities in a SAMP8 mouse model of AD and reduce Flotillin-1 content and upregulate NEP expression in SAMP8 mouse hippocampus to decrease Aβ42 expression,relieve neurotoxicity and produce a neuroprotective effect.
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"Dida" is one of the most representative commonly used Tibetan medicines in treatment of hepatobilaiary diseases. To analyze and compare the content of 7 effective constituents in 11 species which are used as Dida. Integrated evaluation of them, which supply a basis for the resources exploitation for them. In this paper, most appropriate absorption wavelengths of different natural iridoid compounds, xanthones and oleanolic acid have been performed by using 3D spectrum technique. According to the results, the wavelength 210, 240 and 265 nm were used for detection of 7 effective constituents. By means of calculation, determination of 7 effective constituents indicated good linearity over the linear range with coefficients (r) of 0.999 9 respectively. The recoveries were found in the average range of 99% to 101% with RSD being less than 3%. Normalize and integrate by three-dimension the data. Get their integrated chemical quality index(ICQI). Results suggested that these plants used as Dida in Tibet medicine mostly contain these 7 effective constituents, but the different is notable. The integrated evaluation by the integrated chemical quality index (ICQI) has reference value for quality control.
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Objective: To determine the 16S rDNA sequences of 44 strains of Sulfitobacter sp. obtained from the East China Sea and to study their biological activities. Methods: PCR was used to amplify the 16S rDNA sequences of the 44 strains, and the obtained sequences were subjected to GenBank similarity search. The multiple sequence alignment of the 44 strains was done by Clustal Xl. 8 and MEGA4. 1. The antibacterial activities of Sulfitobacter sp. fermentation broths were tested using the following indicator bacteria: Pyricularia oryzae, Bacillus subtills, and Escherichia coli. The cytotoxic activities of the fermentation broths were tested using HL-60 and HepG2 as the indicator cells. ABTS and DPPH antioxidant models were applied to test the free radical scavenging efficacy of the fermentation broth. Results: Analysis of the 16S rDNA genes of the 44 strains showed high similarity (97%-100%) to Sulfitobacter sp.. No fermentation broths of the 44 strains showed evident anti-bacterial activities, and they showed different degrees of cytotoxic activities and free radical scavenging capacities. Nineteen strains inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells, with the inhibition rate ranging 6.8%-42.8%; 18 strains inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells, with the inhibition rate ranging 6.9%-43.6%; 12 strains showed ABTS radical scavenging capacity, with the elimination rate ranging 4.49%-23.08%; and 8 strains showed DPPH radical scavenging capacity, with the elimination rate ranging 1.23%-30.76%. Conclusion: The 44 Sulfitobacter sp. strains possess evident cytotoxic activities and free radical scavenging capacities, making them potential for medicinal application and laying a foundation for further development of these bacteria.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To isolate and identify the chemical constituents of 95% alcohol extract from Swertia delavayi.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatogrphy and their structures were identified by the physicochemical properties and spectral analyses.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Seven compounds were isolated and identified as oleanolic acid (1), gentiopcroside (2), swertiamarin (3), daucosterol (4), swertiadecoraxanthone-II (5), isovitexin (6), isoorientin (7).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 2-7 were isolated from S. delavayi for the first time. While the compound 6 was firstly reported from the genus Swertia.</p>
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Apigenin , Chemistry , Glucosides , Chemistry , Iridoid Glucosides , Iridoids , Chemistry , Luteolin , Chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Oleanolic Acid , Chemistry , Pyrones , Chemistry , Sitosterols , Chemistry , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Swertia , ChemistryABSTRACT
174 healthy newborn babies in Lam Dong General Hospital, body weight > 2.500g without congenital abnormality, whose mother did not immunized previously with B hepatitis vaccine, were received an infection of HB vaccine of 10mg initially 24-48 hours after birth. After 3 injections of GMT anti HBS of 650.02 mIU/ml, the antibody response was 95.43% with a GMT of 1041.21 mIU/ml. The antibody response in fully immunized was 98.38%