ABSTRACT
Contexto: Aun cuando la división sexual del trabajo remunerado ha sido examinada en muchos estudios, a veces considerada como la extensión de los roles diferenciados en el ámbito doméstico, el resultado de la jerarquía vertical donde los hombres se encuentran en los puestos superiores, la asociación de los hombres a las máquinas (distintas a las de limpieza o la costura) o la división de otras condiciones de trabajo y empleo por género. El género y el sexo rara vez son considerados en la investigación en ergonomía. Metodología: A través de una revisión de los datos publicados en encuestas chilenas con representación nacional, en bases de datos gubernamentales y artículos de ergónomos chilenos publicados en Ergonomics, Ciencia y Trabajo, etc. Objetivo: Este artículo busca orientar sobre las principales diferencias de sexo y género en los hombres y las mujeres para comprender sus implicancias en actividad de trabajo en Chile y cuál ha sido la contribución de la ergonomía a este aspecto. Conclusiones: El tomar en cuenta el sexo de las trabajadoras/es enriquece el análisis del trabajo y el análisis ergonómico a su vez enriquece la comprensión sobre la división sexual del trabajo y cómo esta genera diferentes exposiciones a los riesgos profesionales para las mujeres y los hombres.
Context: Even though the sexual division of paid work has been examined in many studies, sometimes thought of as the extension of differentiated roles in the domestic sphere, the result of a vertical hierarchy where men are found in higher positions, the association of men with machines (other than those used in cleaning or sewing), or a division of other working and employment conditions by gender. Gender and sex have rarely been considered in ergonomics research. Methodology: Through a review of published data from Chilean surveys with national representation, from governmental databases and published articles in Ergonomics, Ciencia y Trabajo, etc. Objective: This article aims to guide about the principals differences of sex and gender in men and women to understand the implications of sex and gender for work activity in Chile and what has been the contribution of ergonomics to this issue. Conclusions: Taking into account the sex of women and men workers enriches the analysis of work and the ergonomic analysis in turn enriches the understanding of the sexual division of work and how this generates different exposures to occupational risks for women and men.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Accidents, Occupational , Sex Factors , Muscle, Skeletal/injuries , Ergonomics , Working Conditions , Chile , Risk Factors , Occupational Exposure , Sex Distribution , Gender Perspective , Gender IdentityABSTRACT
3,3-5-L-Triiodothyronine (T3) exerts significant protection against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) liver injury in rats. Considering that the underlying mechanisms are unknown, the aim of this study was to assess the involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and oxidative stress in T3 preconditioning (PC). Male Sprague-Dawley rats given a single dose of 0.1 mg of T3/kg were subjected to 1-hour ischemia followed by 20 hours reperfusion, in groups of animals pretreated with 0.5 g of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)/kg 0.5-hour prior to T3 or with the respective control vehicles. At the end of the reperfusion period, liver samples were taken for analysis of iNOS mRNA levels (RT-PCR), liver NOS activity, and hepatic histology. T3 protected against hepatic IR injury, with 119 percent enhancement in liver iNOS mRNA/18S rRNA ratios (p<0.05) and 12.7-fold increase (p<0.05) in NOS activity in T3-treated animals subjected to IR over values in control-sham operated rats, with a net 7.7-fold enhancement (p<0.05) in the net effect of T3 on liver iNOS expression and a net enhancement of 0.58 units in NOS activity, changes that were abolished by NAC treatment before T3. It is concluded that T3-induced liver PC is associated with upregulation of iNOS expression as a protective mechanisms against IR injury, which is achieved through development of transient and reversible oxidative stress.