ABSTRACT
Para o farmacêutico, atividades baseadas nos preceitos da promoção da saúde e prevenção de agravos dentro da Atenção Primária à Saúde constituem-se em um desafio. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar as ações de promoção à saúde e prevenção de agravos realizadas pelo profissional farmacêutico desenvolvidas em grupos de usuários de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família. Foram desenvolvidas atividades educativas em dois Grupos (Gestantes e Idosos) da Unidade de Saúde da Família Emocy Krause, Recife-PE. Para descrição das atividades foi utilizado o Diário de Campo do Farmacêutico e ao término de cada atividade foi aplicado um Questionário de Avaliação. Três atividades foram realizadas no Grupo de Gestantes: Desenvolvimento do feto durante a gestação, Plantas medicinais e chás na gravidez e Uso racional de medicamentos, e seis para o Grupo de idosos: Higiene do sono, Hipertensão arterial sistêmica e Diabetes, Uso racional de medicamentos, Doenças reumáticas, Oficina de memória e Prevenção de quedas na terceira idade. O julgamento dos usuário sem relação ao conteúdo das atividades foi de Muito Satisfatório por 15/22 gestantes e 40/72 idosas. Em relação às metodologias utilizadas, 17/22 e 45/72 dos questionários analisados do grupo de gestantes e idosos, respectivamente, apresentaram como resposta o item Muito Satisfatório. O entendimento dos participantes antes da realização da atividade era tido como Ruim ou Muito Ruim (11/22 Gestantes e 33/72 Idosas) sendo a compreensão dos participantes avaliada como Satisfatória ou Muito Satisfatória, após a realização das atividades, por 22/22 gestantes e 72/72 idosas. A inserção do farmacêutico na Atenção Primária, considerando as características de um espaço multidisciplinar e a adequação de metodologias participativas, minimiza uma prática tecnicista e o individualismo profissional...
For the pharmacist, activities based on the principles of health promotion and prevention of disorders within Primary Health Care constitute a challenge. The aim in this study was to analyze the actions of health promotion and disease prevention carried out by the resident pharmacist working with user groups at a Family Health Unit. Educational activities were developed with two groups of users (pregnant women and elderly) at the Emocy Krause Family Health Care Unit in Recife (PE, Brazil). To describe the activities, we used the pharmacist's Field Diary and, at the end of each activity, an Assessment Questionnaire was used. Three activities were carried out with the Group of Pregnant Women: Development of the fetus during pregnancy, Use of medicinal plants and herbal teas for pregnancy and Rational drug use, and six with the Elderly group: Sleeping hygiene, Hypertension and diabetes, Rational drug use, Rheumatic disorders, Memory workshop and Prevention of falls among the elderly. The evaluation of the content of activities by the users was Very Satisfactory for 15/22 of the pregnant women and 40/72 of the elderly group. Regarding the methods used, 17/22 and 45/72 of the replies to the questionnaires by the groups of pregnant women and elderly, respectively, were Very Satisfactory. The understanding of the participants prior to the activity was described as Poor or Very Poor (11/22 pregnant women and 33/72 elderly), whereas it was assessed as Satisfactory or Very satisfactory after the completion of activities by 22/22 women and 72/72 elderly participants. The inclusion of the pharmacist in Primary Health Care, given the characteristics of a multidisciplinary space and the adequacy of participatory methods, minimizes professional individualism and a technicist practice...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Health Education , Health Promotion , Pharmaceutical Services , Primary Health CareABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the rapid tests currently used for canine parvovirus (CPV) diagnosis: hemagglutination test (HA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 112 fecal samples collected from diarrheic puppies up to one year of age were tested. The EIA was able to detect CPV antigen in 44 samples. By HA, 32 samples tested highly positive with titers >128, eight tested weakly positive (titers 32 and 64) and 72 were negative (titers <16). Using PCR, 57 samples were found positive including 13 EIA-negative and 19 HA-negative samples. The best correlation was observed between EIA and PCR (88.4%). These tests were able to detect all types of CPV, including CPV-2c. Considering that 23%-33% of dogs presenting enteritis did not show infection by EIA nor HA, negative results from the antigen detection tests should be confirmed through molecular methods.
Avaliaram-se os métodos rápidos rotineiramente utilizados para diagnóstico da infecção por parvovírus canino (CPV): teste de hemaglutinação (HA), ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE) e reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). Um total de 112 amostras fecais de cães diarreicos com até um ano de idade foi testado. O EIE foi capaz de detectar o antígeno do CPV em 44 amostras. Por HA, 32 amostras foram consideradas fortemente positivas com títulos >128, oito fracamente positivas (títulos 32 e 64) e 72 negativas (títulos <16). Por PCR, 57 amostras foram positivas incluindo 13 EIE-negativas e 19 HA-negativas. A melhor correlação foi observada entre EIE e PCR (88,4%). Os testes foram capazes de detectar todos os tipos de CPV, incluindo o CPV-2c. Considerando-se que em 23%-33% dos filhotes com enterite a infecção por CPV não foi diagnosticada pelos testes de EIE e HA, os resultados negativos nos testes de detecção de antígeno devem ser confirmados por meio de métodos moleculares.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Parvovirus, Canine , Laboratory Test/analysis , DiagnosisABSTRACT
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the most important enteric virus for dogs and it seems to be undergoing continuous evolution, generating new genetic and antigenic variants throughout the world. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of CPV variants from 1995 to 2009 and to investigate the circulation of the new variant CPV-2c in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In addition, the clinical features of CPV infection were also reported. After CPV laboratorial confirmation by HA/HI and PCR, thirty-two fecal samples were analyzed by sequencing a 583-bp fragment of the VP2 gene. One sample, collected in 2008 was typed as the new type CPV-2c. All samples from 1995 to 2003 were identified as "new CPV-2a". From 2004 to 2006, both "new CPV-2a" and CPV-2b were observed. From 2006 to 2009, most of the samples were characterized as CPV-2b. The classical signs of CPV enteritis were observed in 16/18 CPV-2a and 5/13 CPV-2b infected puppies. These results show that continuous epidemiological surveillance of CPV strain distribution is essential for studying the patterns of CPV-2a and 2b spread and for determining whether the new variant CPV-2c has become permanently established in Brazilian canine population.
ABSTRACT
In most mammals, male development is triggered by the transient expression of the SRY gene, which initiates a cascade of gene interactions ultimately leading to the formation of a testis from the indifferent fetal gonad. Mutation studies have identified several genes essential for early gonadal development. We report here a molecular study of the SRY, DAX1, SF1 and WNT4 genes, mainly involved in sexual determination, in Brazilian 46,XX and 46,XY sex-reversed patients. The group of 46,XX sex-reversed patients consisted of thirteen 46,XX true hermaphrodites and four 46,XX males, and was examined for the presence of the SRY gene and for the loss of function (inactivating mutations and deletions) of DAX1 and WNT4 genes. In the second group consisting of thirty-three 46,XY sex-reversed patients we investigated the presence of inactivating mutations in the SRY and SF1 genes as well as the overexpression (duplication) of the DAX1 and WNT4 genes. The SRY gene was present in two 46,XX male patients and in none of the true hermaphrodites. Only one mutation, located outside homeobox domain of the 5' region of the HMG box of SRY (S18N), was identified in a patient with 46,XY sex reversal. A novel 8-bp microdeletion of the SF1 gene was identified in a 46,XY sex-reversed patient without adrenal insufficiency. The dosage of DAX1 and WNT4 was normal in the sex-reversed patients studied. We conclude that these genes are rarely involved in the etiology of male gonadal development in sex-reversed patients, a fact suggesting the presence of other genes in the sex determination cascade
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Disorders of Sex Development , Gonadal Dysgenesis , Mutation , Sex Determination ProcessesABSTRACT
Several genes that influence the development and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-axis (HPG) have been identified. These genes encode an array of transcription factors, matrix proteins, hormones, receptors, and enzymes that are expressed at multiple levels of the HPG. We report the experience of a single Endocrinology Unit in the identification and characterization of naturally occurring mutations in families affected by HPG disorders, including forms of precocious puberty, hypogonadism and abnormal sexual development due to impaired gonadotropin function. Eight distinct genes implicated in HPG function were studied: KAL, SF1, DAX1, GnRH, GnRHR, FSHá, FSHR, and LHR. Most mutations identified in our cohort are described for the first time in literature. New mutations in SF1, DAX1 and GnRHR genes were identified in three Brazilian patients with hypogonadism. Eight boys with luteinizing hormone- (LH) independent precocious puberty due to testotoxicosis were studied, and all have their LH receptor (LHR) defects elucidated. Among the identified LHR molecular defects, three were new activating mutations. In addition, these mutations were frequently associated with new clinical and hormonal aspects, contributing significantly to the knowledge of the molecular basis of reproductive disorders. In conclusion, the naturally occurring genetic mutations described in the Brazilian families studied provide important insights into the regulation of the HPG.