Cross-cultural adaptation of the Module for Assessment of Domestic Violence, adapted from Axis I of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2), with a sample of Brazilian women, victims of domestic violence / Adaptação transcultural do Módulo de Avaliação da Violência Doméstica do Diagnóstico Psicodinâmico Operacionalizado (OPD-2) em mulheres brasileiras vítimas de violência doméstica

Abstract Introduction: Intimate partner domestic violence against women causes physical and psychological harm to victims. The relevance of this topic is indisputable and there is a need to identify in greater detail how these women experience violence, since these factors have considerable clinical implications. Objective: To develop a Portuguese version of the Module for Assessment of Domestic Violence, adapted from Axis I of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2), considering content validity and psychometric characteristics. Method: Cross-cultural adaptation was based on guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. OPD clinical interviews were recorded and transcribed. These interviews were analyzed by two independent judges trained in the OPD-2. Results: The sample comprised 56 women who had been victims of domestic violence, with a mean age of 30.07 years (standard deviation = 9.65). The adapted version has content validity and good psychometric characteristics. Evaluation of semantic equivalence took into account the psychodynamic references, using the same ideas as the original instrument. Interexaminer reliability between the judges was substantial (k = 0.63) and Cronbach's alpha for the new version indicates good reliability. Conclusion: The OPD-2 offers a psychodynamic diagnosis of the victim that complements traditional nosological diagnosis, particularly in the context of domestic violence with the adaptation of Axis I. Certain biases could have been detrimental to aspects of this study, but they were controlled. The study objective was achieved and the Module was successfully adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. The results are in line with those of the original study.

Resumo Introdução: A violência doméstica por parceiro íntimo contra as mulheres causa danos físicos e psicológicos às vítimas. A relevância deste tópico é indiscutível, e é necessário identificar em mais detalhe como essas mulheres sofrem violência, uma vez que esses fatores têm implicações clínicas consideráveis. Objetivo: Desenvolver uma versão em português do Módulo de Avaliação da Violência Doméstica, adaptado do Eixo I do Diagnóstico Psicodinâmico Operacionalizado (Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis - OPD-2), considerando a validade de conteúdo e as características psicométricas. Método: A adaptação transcultural foi baseada nas diretrizes para o processo de adaptação transcultural de medidas de autorrelato. As entrevistas clínicas do OPD foram gravadas e transcritas. Essas entrevistas foram analisadas por dois juízes independentes treinados no OPD-2. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 56 mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica, com idade média de 30,07 anos (desvio padrão = 9,65). A versão adaptada demonstrou validade de conteúdo e boas características psicométricas. A avaliação da equivalência semântica levou em consideração as referências psicodinâmicas, utilizando as mesmas ideias do instrumento original. A confiabilidade entre os juízes foi substancial (k = 0,63), e o alfa de Cronbach para a nova versão indica boa confiabilidade. Conclusão: O OPD-2 oferece um diagnóstico psicodinâmico da vítima que complementa o diagnóstico nosológico tradicional, particularmente no contexto de violência doméstica com a adaptação do Eixo I. Certos vieses poderiam ter sido prejudiciais aos aspectos deste estudo, mas foram controlados. O objetivo do estudo foi alcançado e o Módulo foi adaptado com sucesso para o português do Brasil. Os resultados estão alinhados com os do estudo original.

Estilos de personalidad dependiente y autocrítico: desempeño cognitivo y sintomatología depresiva / Dependent and self-critical personality styles: Cognitive performance and depressive symptomatology

Resumen El presente estudio explora la relación entre las dimensiones de personalidad dependiente y autocrítica, con los déficits emocionales, cognitivos y sociales asociados a la sintomatología depresiva. La muestra del estudio la conformaron 91 estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile y a la Universidad de Chile, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 24 años. Para explorar el estado emocional de los participantes se utilizaron los test Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI) y Depressive Experiences Question naire (DEQ). Con el fin de evaluar el desempeño cognitivo, se utilizaron: una tarea tipo Stroop y la prueba de Tiempo de Reacción Serial (SSRT), y para evaluar el nivel de mentalización, la tarea de reconocimiento facial Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET) de Baron-Cohen. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las dimensiones dependencia y autocrítica, la sintomatología depresiva y el desempeño cognitivo de los participantes.

Abstract This study examines the relationship between the dependent and self-criticism Cognitive dimensions of personality with emotional, cognitive and social deficits associated with depres-sive symptoms. The sample included 91 college students, aged 18 to 24, from Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and Universidad de Chile. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) tests were used in order to explore the emotional state of the participants. A Stroop task and a Serial Reaction Time (SSRT) test were used in order to assess cognitive performance. In turn, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET) face recognition task, by Baron-Cohen, was used to assess the mentalising capacity. Sig nificant correlations were found between dependency and self-criticism dimensions, depressive symptoms and cognitive performance of the participant.

Violencia doméstica durante el embarazo: magnitud del problema y consecuencias / Domestic violence during preganacy: dimension of the problem and consequences

La revisión presentada focaliza en los hallazgos internacionales y nacionales en torno a la violencia doméstica durante el embarazo, su prevalencia, factores de riesgo, y principales consecuencias en los resultados del embarazo, la salud de las mujeres y sus hijos y sus impactos en el desarrollo del vínculo materno-infantil. El rol de los profesionales de la salud materna en el tamizaje y detección del problema es explorado en la literatura internacional y nacional. Las estimaciones deprevalencia en publicaciones internacionales van entre el 0,9 por ciento y el 20,1 por ciento. En Chile, el principal estudio de prevalencia de violencia en contra de las mujeres encontró que aproximadamente el 10 por ciento de las mujeres que han experimentado violencia doméstica reportaron haber sido golpeadas en el embarazo. Aun cuando los resultados de las investigaciones no son consistentes se en encontró el embarazo como un factor de riesgo para la violencia y su severidad, al menos se ha mostrado que la violencia no se detiene con el embarazo. Las asociaciones encontradas con violencia doméstica en el embarazo son: femicidio, terminación temprana del embarazo y pérdidas, morbilidad y mortalidad infantil, bajo peso al nacer, problemas de salud mental en la madre, uso de alcohol y drogas, detrimento del apego materno-infantil y representaciones negativas de la madre respecto al hijo que espera y a sí misma. Una participación activa de los profesionales de la salud materna en tamizaje sistemático, parece necesaria y efectiva en la prevención e intervención en este problema, sin embargo también parece ser poco utilizada.

The current review focuses on international and national findings about domestic violence during pregnancy, its prevalence, risks factors, and main consequences on pregnancy outcomes,women’s and child’s health and its impacts on the mother-child bonding. The role of maternal care professionals in screening and detection of theproblem are explored in international and national literature. Estimates of prevalence on international publications range between 0.9 percent and 20,1 percent. InChile, the most important prevalence study on violence against women, found that approximately 10 percent of women who had experience situations of domestic violence, reported have been batteredduring pregnancy. Although research findings are not consistent about considering pregnancy a risk factor to domestic violence and its severity,at least it is evidenced that pregnancy doesn’t stop violence. The associations with domestic violence described are femicide, early pregnancy termination and miscarriage, childhood morbidityand mortality, low birth weight, mental health problems of the mother, alcohol and drug use, detriment on the mother –child attachment and mother’s negative representations of the child and herself. Active participation of maternal care professionals in systematic screening appears to be necessary and effective in the prevention and intervention of this problem, nevertheless it appears also to be little used by these professionals.