ABSTRACT
The incidence and prevalence of heart failure (HF) is increasing worldwide, leading to high morbidity and mortality. The global management of HF involves lifestyle changes in addition to pharmacological treatments. Changes include exercise and dietary recommendations, mainly salt and fluid restriction, but without any clear evidence. We conducted a systematic review to analyse the degree of evidence for these dietary recommendations in HF. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT), and observational studies in humans were selected. Studies were considered eligible if they included participants with HF and sodium and/or fluid restriction. Publications in languages other than English or Spanish were excluded. We included 15 studies related to sodium or fluid restriction. Nine RCT and six observational studies showed some improvements in symptoms and quality of life and a degree of reduction in new hospitalizations, but the results are based on limited population groups, applying different methodologies, and with different restriction goals. We found a lack of clear evidence of the benefits of sodium/fluid restriction in chronic HF. The evidence is limited to few studies with conflicting results. Randomized clinical trials are needed to fill this gap in our knowledge.
ABSTRACT
Teniendo en cuenta que no existe una normativa actualizada nacional para el control de calidad de los envases metálicos de aerosol que se utilizan en la industria farmacéutica y la cosmética, en este trabajo se desarrolló una guía de análisis para aplicarla de forma rutinaria a los envases con boca de 25,4 mm de diámetro. El primer paso consistió en realizar una revisión documental de las normativas del Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas (Icontec), la Consumer Specialty Products Associations Aerosol Guide (CSPA), la Federación Europea de Aerosoles (FEA), la European Standards (EN) y el Instituto Argentino de Normalización (IRAM). Luego se seleccionaron los análisis de mayor criticidad y practicidad que fueran aplicables a la industria del llenado de aerosoles y se confirmó su viabilidad técnica en diferentes envases metálicos con un diámetro de boca de 25,4 mm, con el fin de desarrollar un protocolo unificado para llevar a cabo el control de calidad de estos envases metálicos.
This study was conducted with the objective of developing an analysis guide for quality control of metal containers used for filling of aerosols in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, taking into account that at the national level there are no regulations for quality control of containers metal for aerosol. First, we conducted a literature review of the regulations of Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas (Icontec), Consumer Specialty Products Association Guide (CSPA), European Aerosol Federation (FEA), European Standards EN, and Instituto Argentino de Normalización (IRAM). Subsequently, more critical analysis and practicality that are applicable to aerosol filling industry were selected and technical feasibility was confi rmed for various metal packaging with a mouth diameter of 25.4 mm, to develop a unified protocol quality control of these metal containers.