ABSTRACT
Aunque el compromiso cívico es un concepto multidimensional, con frecuencia la baja participación de los jóvenes en política convencional se interpreta como un indicador de menor compromiso cívico. Este estudio cuestiona la centralidad de la participación política convencional como principal indicador del compromiso cívico, y evalúa si la mayor atención hacia la política convencional es un indicador del compromiso cívico en jóvenes. Los hallazgos de un análisis de regresión logística en una muestra de jóvenes chilenos (N = 390) clasificados como: (a) políticos (N = 279) y (b) apolíticos (N = 111) indican que la participación política convencional predice la pertenencia al grupo político, y la participación local al apolítico. Los niveles de tolerancia, competencias cívicas, y participación política no convencional no resultaron predictores de la pertenencia a alguno de los dos grupos. Los hallazgos confirman que la participación política convencional no es indicador principal del compromiso cívico y señalan la importancia de avanzar en formular modelos multidimensionales del compromiso cívico más allá de la política convencional.
Although civic engagement is a multidimensional concept, the low participation of youth in conventional politics is often interpreted as an indicator of low civic engagement. This study questions the centrality of conventional political participation as the main indicator of civic engagement, and assesses whether attention to conventional politics is an indicator of civic engagement among young people. Findings of a logistic regression analysis on a sample of young Chileans (N = 390) classified as: (a) political (N = 279) and (b) apolitical (N = 111) indicated that conventional political participation predicts membership to the political and local participation to the apolitical group. Levels of tolerance, civic competencies, participation in nonconventional politics did not predict group membership. Findings indicate that conventional political participation is not the main indicator of civic engagement, and suggest the need to advance multidimensional models civic engagement beyond conventional politics.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Community ParticipationABSTRACT
La educación dirigida a parejas y matrimonios tiene un amplio desarrollo en el mundo y en varios países se encuentra incorporada como parte de las políticas públicas preventivas de la discordia, ruptura y establecimiento de relaciones de parejas saludables y comprometidas. Iniciativas que originalmente fueron promovidas por grupos religiosos, hoy constituyen una alternativa preventiva y de promoción de relaciones saludables, basada en los avances de las investigaciones psicológicas y evaluadas en forma rigurosa. El artículo tiene por objetivo: (a) dar a conocer la lógica que fundamenta las intervenciones preventivas (b) dar a conocer las iniciativas en educación para parejas y matrimonios en otros países (c) sistematizar los hallazgos acerca de su efectividad (d) argumentar las razones por las cuales sería provechoso incorporarlas en el país.
Education aimed at couples and marriage has a broad development in the world and in several countries has been incorporated into adult educational programs as part of preventive public policies of disharmony, rupture and relationship healthy couples. Initiatives that were originally promoted by religious groups today are a preventive alternative to promote healthy relationships, based on advances in psychological research and rigorously evaluated. The paper presents (a) to present the logic behind preventive interventions (b) make known the initiatives in education for couples and families in other countries (c) systematize the findings about their effectiveness (d) discuss the reasons which would be useful for incorporation into the country.
Subject(s)
Humans , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Marriage/psychology , Couples Therapy/methods , Chile , Divorce/prevention & control , Spouses/education , Marriage , Interpersonal RelationsABSTRACT
Background: Rates of obesity reach high levels in Chile, with geographic, social and school variations. Aim: To identify factors at two levels associated with excessive weight in school children: child-family characteristics and school-neighborhood. Material and methods: Using a cross-sectional and multi-step design, seven counties with the highest prevalence of obesity were identified, and schools were randomly chosen from within the 1st, 3 and 5 quintiles of the school strata (same level of obesity prevalence). Within each school, twelve 2nd grade children were randomly chosen (n =42 schools and 504 students). Nutritional status, food intake, eating habits and physical activity were measured. Socio demographic, economic characteristics and nutritional status of the parents were assessed. Home size and facilities for children physical activities were assessed, as well as school infrastructure and management. Results: Most of the explained variance (97 percent) in the Body Mass Index (BMI) was due to individual-level factors: sedentary children behaviour (JS coefficient 1.6, standard error (SE) 0.052), maternal obesity (ß 0.94; SE 0.25), paternal obesity (ß 0.83; SE 0.28) and hours watching television (ß 0.789, SE 0.297). The same risk factors were predictive of obesity: child sedentary behaviours odds ratio (OR): 3-98, 95 percent) confidence interval (CI): 2.44-6.48, maternal obesity (OR 1.91, CI 1.21-3-02) and being woman (OR 1.75, CI 1.01-2.76). Conclusions: BMI and obesity are associated with children behaviour or biological and cultural conditions of their families and not with school characteristics.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Body Mass Index , Child Behavior , Obesity/etiology , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Age Distribution , Body Weight , Cross-Sectional Studies , Exercise , Family , Feeding Behavior , Leisure Activities , Nutritional Status , Obesity/psychology , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Background: In Chile, there is no information about the prevalence of smoking among basic and high school students. Aim: To study the prevalence of smoking among school age population. Material and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted during 2001, assessing tobacco use and smoking habit in a representative sample of 15.119 randomly selected students. Results: Sixty four percent of students had smoked at least once in their lifetime. Eighteen percent of students smoked daily and 15 percent, occasionally. The figures for women were higher (19 and 18 percent respectively). The mean age for the first contact with smoking was 12.3 years and, for starting the smoking habit, 13.2 years. Smokers increased the amount of cigarettes during weekends. Higher prevalence rates of smoking were observed in students from the Southern region of the country and of lower socioeconomic levels. From the 3rd grade on, there is an increased risk of having contact with tobacco and smoking for the first time and from 6th grade on, this risk becomes permanent. The adjusted Odds Ratio to be a smoker is significantly higher when the mother is a current or irregular smoker (OR 1.9 95 CI; 1.7-2.0). Conclusions: High smoking prevalence rates were detected in this survey, mainly in women. The risk for smoking starts early during school life. Therefore, health promotion programs must include elementary and high school students.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Tobacco Use Disorder , Epidemiologic Studies , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de la eficiencia de un programa de apoyo a las madres adolescentes y sus hijos, de estratos socioeconómicos bajos de Santiago de Chile. El programa utiliza agentes de la propia comunidad, denominados monitores, para realizar un trabajo con las madres y sus hijos. Se aplicaron pruebas de conocimientos y se observó el manejo grupal de 32 monitores. Tambien se realizaron entrevistas a todos los estamentos del programa, incluidas 15 madres participantes. El programa entrega en general un servicio de buena calidad, con fortalezas y debilidades. Los monitores de madres estan mejor capacitados que los de niños en aspectos teóricos y en la conducción de los respectivos grupos. Las condiciones de operación del programa son positivas. Las adolescentes reportan satisfacción. Se sugieren recomendaciones para paliar los obstáculos enfrentados en la implementación de programas comunitarios.