ABSTRACT
Antiretroviral resistance mutations (ARM) are one of the major obstacles for pharmacological human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. Plasma HIV-1 RNA from 306 patients on antiretroviral therapy with virological failure was analyzed, most of them (60 percent) exposed to three or more regimens, and 28 percent of them have started therapy before 1997. The most common regimens in use at the time of genotype testing were AZT/3TC/nelfinavir, 3TC/D4T/nelfinavir and AZT/3TC/efavirenz. The majority of ARM occurred at protease (PR) gene at residue L90 (41 percent) and V82 (25 percent); at reverse transcriptase (RT) gene, mutations at residue M184 (V/I) were observed in 64 percent. One or more thymidine analogue mutations were detected in 73 percent. The number of ARM at PR gene increased from a mean of four mutations per patient who showed virological failure at the first ARV regimens to six mutations per patient exposed to six or more regimens; similar trend in RT was also observed. No differences in ARM at principal codon to the three drug classes for HIV-1 clades B or F were observed, but some polymorphisms in secondary codons showed significant differences. Strategies to improve the cost effectiveness of drug therapy and to optimize the sequencing and the rescue therapy are the major health priorities.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , HIV-1 , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , HIV Infections/virology , Mutation , HIV-1 , Brazil , Clinical Protocols , Genotype , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Protease/genetics , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Viral/geneticsABSTRACT
The susceptibility of the five cell lines - IB-RS-2, RK-13, Vero, BHK-21, CER - to reovirus S1133 and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV vaccine GBV-8 strain) was studied to better define satisfactory and sensitive cell culture systems. Cultures were compared for presence of CPE, virus titers and detection of viral RNA were detected in CER and BHK-21 cells after retrovirus inoculation and in RK-13 cell line after IBDV inoculation and with high virus titers. Virus replication by production of low virus titers occurred in IB-RS-2 and Vero cells with reovirus and in BHK-21 cell line with IBDV