ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Lung transplantation is the most effective modality for the treatment of patients with end-stage lung diseases. Unfortunately, many people cannot benefit from this therapy due to insufficient donor availability. In this review and update article, we discuss donation after circulatory death (DCD), which is undoubtedly essential among the strategies developed to increase the donor pool. However, there are ethical and legislative considerations in the DCD process that are different from those of donation after brain death (DBD). Among others, the critical aspects of DCD are the concept of the end of life, cessation of futile treatments, and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy. In addition, this review describes a rationale for using lungs from DCD donors and provides some important definitions, highlighting the key differences between DCD and DBD, including physiological aspects pertinent to each category. The unique ability of lungs to maintain cell viability without circulation, assuming that oxygen is supplied to the alveoli-an essential aspect of DCD-is also discussed. Furthermore, an updated review of the clinical experience with DCD for lung transplantation across international centers, recent advances in DCD, and some ethical dilemmas that deserve attention are also reported.
RESUMO O transplante de pulmão é a modalidade mais eficaz de tratamento de pacientes com doenças pulmonares terminais. Infelizmente, muitas pessoas não podem se beneficiar dessa terapia, porque não há doadores suficientes. Neste artigo de revisão e atualização, discutimos a doação após morte circulatória (DMC), uma estratégia indubitavelmente essencial para aumentar o total de doadores. No entanto, há considerações éticas e legislativas no processo de DMC que diferem daquelas da doação após morte encefálica (DME). Os aspectos fundamentais da DMC são o conceito de fim da vida, a cessação de tratamentos fúteis e a retirada de terapias de suporte vital, entre outros. Além disso, esta revisão apresenta uma justificativa para o uso de pulmões provenientes de doadores em morte circulatória e fornece algumas definições importantes, destacando as principais diferenças entre DMC e DME, incluindo aspectos fisiológicos pertinentes a cada categoria. A capacidade única dos pulmões de manter a viabilidade celular sem circulação, contanto que os alvéolos recebam oxigênio - um aspecto essencial da DMC - também é discutida. Também apresentamos aqui uma revisão atualizada da experiência clínica com DMC para transplante de pulmão em centros internacionais, os avanços recentes da DMC e alguns dilemas éticos que merecem atenção.
ABSTRACT
Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion(NEVLP)has emerged as a modernized organ preservation tech-nique that allows for detailed assessment of donor lung function prior to transplantation.The main goal of this study was to identify potential biomarkers of lung function and/or injury during a prolonged(19 h)NEVLP procedure using in vivo solid-phase microextraction(SPME)technology followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry(LC-HRMS).The use of minimally invasive in vivo SPME fibers for repeated sampling of biological tissue permits the monitoring and evaluation of biochemical changes and alterations in the metabolomic profile of the lung.These in vivo SPME fibers were directly introduced into the lung and were also used to extract metabolites(on-site SPME)from fresh perfusate samples collected alongside lung samplings.A subsequent goal of the study was to assess the feasibility of SPME as an in vivo method in metabolomics studies,in comparison to the traditional in-lab metabolomics workflow.Several upregulated biochemical pathways involved in pro-and anti-inflammatory responses,as well as lipid metabolism,were observed during extended lung perfusion,especially between the 11th and 12th hours of the procedure,in both lung and perfusate samples.However,several unstable and/or short-lived metabolites,such as neuroprostanes,have been extracted from lung tissue in vivo using SPME fibers.On-site monitoring of the metabolomic profiles of both lung tissues through in vivo SPME and perfusate samples on site throughout the prolonged NEVLP procedure can be effectively performed using in vivo SPME technology.
ABSTRACT
Development of a novel in vivo lung perfusion(IVLP)procedure allows localized delivery of high-dose doxorubicin(DOX)for targeting residual micrometastatic disease in the lungs.However,DOX delivery via IVLP requires careful monitoring of drug level to ensure tissue concentrations of this agent remain in the therapeutic window.A small dimension nitinol wire coated with a sorbent of biocompatible morphology(Bio-SPME)has been clinically evaluated for in vivo lung tissue extraction and determina-tion of DOX and its key metabolites.The in vivo Bio-SPME-IVLP experiments were performed on pig model over various(150 and 225 mg/m2)drug doses,and during human clinical trial.Two patients with metastatic osteosarcoma were treated with a single 5 and 7 μg/mL(respectively)dose of DOX during a 3-h IVLP.In both pig and human cases,DOX tissue levels presented similar trends during IVLP.Human lung tissue concentrations of drug ranged between 15 and 293 μg/g over the course of the IVLP procedure.In addition to DOX levels,Bio-SPME followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis generated 64 metabolic features during endogenous metabolite screening,providing information about lung status during drug administration.Real-time monitoring of DOX levels in the lungs can be per-formed effectively throughout the IVLP procedure by in vivo Bio-SPME chemical biopsy approach.Bio-SPME also extracted various endogenous molecules,thus providing a real-time snapshot of the physi-ology of the cells,which might assist in the tailoring of personalized treatment strategy.
ABSTRACT
Os cateteres intravenosos são usados para administração de medicamentos, fluidos ou para fins de diagnóstico. Além disso, podem ser instrumentos importantes para medições hemodinâmicas. O acesso intravenoso pode ser periférico ou central. A escolha entre esses dois tipos depende do procedimento a ser realizado e do tempo que o cateter deverá permanecer no seu sítio de punção. O cateter venoso periférico é o acesso mais comumente utilizado na medicina vascular. As possíveis complicações relacionadas ao cateter venoso incluem:complicações mecânicas, infecções e trombose.
Subject(s)
Catheterization , Catheterization, Central Venous , Catheterization, PeripheralABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Comparar os estadiamentos clínico e patológico em pacientes com câncer de pulmão não-pequenas células submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico e identificar as causas das discordâncias. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados, de forma retrospectiva, os dados de pacientes tratados no Serviço de Cirurgia Torácica do Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, e foram calculados a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia para os estádios clínicos IA, IB e IIB. O índice kappa foi utilizado para determinar a concordância entre os estadiamentos clínico e patológico. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 92 pacientes estudados, 33,7 por cento foram classificados como estádio clínico IA, 50 por cento como IB e 16,3 por cento como IIB. A concordância entre os estadiamentos clínico e patológico foi de 67,5 por cento para IA, 54,3 por cento para IB e 66,6 por cento para IIB. O estadiamento clínico teve maior acurácia no estádio IA, e um kappa de 0,74 neste caso confirma uma substancial associação com o estadiamento patológico. A dificuldade em avaliar doença metastática linfonodal é responsável pela baixa concordância em pacientes com estádio clínico IB. CONCLUSÕES: A concordância entre os estadiamentos clínico e patológico é baixa, e, freqüentemente, os pacientes são subestadiados (no presente estudo, somente um caso foi superestadiado). São necessárias estratégias para melhorar o estadiamento clínico e, conseqüentemente, o tratamento e o prognóstico dos pacientes com câncer de pulmão não-pequenas células.
OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical and pathological staging in patients with non-small cell lung cancer submitted to surgical treatment, as well as to identify the causes of discordance. METHODS: Data related to patients treated at the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul São Lucas Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated for clinical stages IA, IB, and IIB. The kappa index was used to determine the concordance between clinical and pathological staging. RESULTS: Of the 92 patients studied, 33.7 percent were classified as clinical stage IA, 50 percent as IB, and 16.3 percent as IIB. The concordance between clinical and pathological staging was 67.5 percent for stage IA, 54.3 percent for IB, and 66.6 percent for IIB. The accuracy of the clinical staging was greater for stage IA, and a kappa of 0.74, in this case, confirmed a substantial association with pathological staging. The difficulty in evaluating nodal metastatic disease is responsible for the low concordance in patients with clinical stage IB. CONCLUSIONS: The concordance between clinical and pathological staging is low, and patients are frequently understaged (in the present study, only one case was overstaged). Strategies are necessary to improve clinical staging and, consequently, the treatment and prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasm Staging/methods , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis , Lung Neoplasms/surgery , Lymphatic Metastasis/diagnosis , Mediastinoscopy/standards , Predictive Value of Tests , Retrospective Studies , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/standardsABSTRACT
Os autores fazem uma revisão bibliográfica que aborda os principais achados da anamnese, exame físico e exames complementares,bem como novas condutas diagnósticas frente a um quadro de abdome agudo