ABSTRACT
Normal menstruation is one of important indicators of the general health of reproductive-aged women. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of menstrual disorders and its related factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted among women participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, a population-based study aimed identify the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases from March 2013 to 2014. A total of 1393 women, aged 15-49 yr were included and all pregnant, breastfeeding and menopausal women were excluded. Socio-demographic characteristics and menstruation patterns were assessed by a standardized ad-hoc questionnaire. Menstruation was categorized based on last FIGO definitions. Data analyzed using SPSS version 11.0 [SPSS-Inc., Chicago-IL], 0.05 was set as significant level. Mean age of participants was 37.7 [11] y. The results showed that 64.1% of subjects had normal menstruation and 35.8% experienced different forms of menstrual disorders. Heavy menstrual bleeding was one of the most prevalent disorders [17.2%]. Prevalence of menstrual disorders was statistically higher in women <20 yr [47.7%] and >/=40yr [45.5%] than women between the 20-40 yr age range [P=0.001]. Irregular menstrual bleeding in >20 yr, heavy menstrual bleeding in 20-40 yr and >/= 40yr were the most common menstrual disorders. The results remain unchanged for age and BMI after adjustment for potential confounders [OR: 1.08, CI 95%: 1.07-3.97; P<0.03], [OR: 1.05, CI 95%: 1.02-5.04; P<0.04], respectively. Our findings showed that menstrual disorders are prevalent as one-third of reproductive aged women suffer from one or more menstrual disorders. Understanding the prevalence of menstrual disorders could help health care providers to identify some serious diseases, and prioritize strategies to promote these women's quality of life
ABSTRACT
This study aimed at estimating the proportion of diabetes as a risk factor to the attributable burden of cardiovascular diseases in Iran. Comparative Risk Assessment methodology was used to calculating Potential Impact Fraction [PIF]. To calculate PIF, data on the prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus [NDAI] and known diabetes mellitus [KDAI] were obtained from 3rd Iranian surveillance of risk factors of non- communicable diseases and data on corresponding measures of effect were derived from a cohort study. PIF were estimated on both theoretical minimum and feasible minimum risk. Uncertainty for the attributable burden wras estimated by Monte Carlo simulation-modeling techniques incorporating sources of uncertainty. According to multivariate- adjusted hazard ratios, by reducing the prevalence of Iranian women with diabetes from 10.05 percent to the feasible minimum risk level i.e. 5 percent, 6.8° o [95% uncertainty intervals: 3.5- 9.8] of attributable Disability Adjusted Life Years [DALYs] to CYD are avoidable and the corresponding value for men were 3.1% [95% uncertainty intervals: 1.4- 4.8]. Although data on the prevalence of diabetes and corresponding measures of associations were obtained from an updated and country- specific source, but to better priority setting, PIF should be applied to updated and revised burden of CYDs
ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease is the first cause of death and third place in disease burden in Iran. This study estimâtes population attributable fraction [PAF] of Cardiovascular risk factors in Tehran population. PAF is one of the important parameters of measuring population affect of risk factors and evaluating potentiel impact of preventive strategies in community level. In this study 5868 participants above 30 years old of Tehran lipid and glucose study [TLGS] were employed and 501 CVD events detected during 10 years follow-up. Direct estimate of adjusted PAFs using logistic regression which is one of less biased exist methods of PAF calculation were applied. Highest modifiable Cardiovascular risk factor PAFs, in sequence, was smoking [14.16%], hypertension [11.73%], diabètes [7.32%] hypercholesterolemia [6.85%] and central obesity [5.91%] for men, and hypertension [19.25%], diabètes [18.82%], central obesity [9.88%] and hypercholesterolemia [7.95%], for women. Also PAF of hazardous age and premature family history of CVD, as most important nonmodifiable CVD risk factors, were 36.09%, 1 6.61% and 3.95%, 7.56% for men and women respectively. According to the difference of risk factors PAFs ranking in men and women, it is suitable that CVD preventive interventions to be prioritized by sex separately. In this regard, besides special attention to control tobacco use in men, hypertension and diabètes in both sexes and high cholesterol in men and central obesity in women respectively, should be given in priority of preventive strategies
ABSTRACT
Non-reinforced ZOE is the substance that is commonly used in pulpectomy and filling primary teeth canals. Two different ways may be used plugger or lentulo spiral to carry ZOE into the canals. The aim of this study was to compare the degree of microleakage in pulpectomy of primary teeth with each of these two different ways. In this experimental study, 44 single rooted primary teeth from maxilla were used based on convenience sampling. First, pulps of all the teeth were removed and all of them were filed. Then all the samples were divided into four groups randomly, two experimental groups each with 20 cases and two smaller groups each with only 2 cases as positive and negative control. In the first experimental group, dental canals were obturated with a thick mix of pure ZOE through condensing with plugger manually. In the second experimental group, dental canals were obturated with a thin mix of ZOE by lentulo spiral. Coronal end of the canals were sealed with Coltosol and most of the root surface was covered with two layers of nail polish and one layer of stick wax, except for 2 mm of apical end of the root. Then samples were immersed in 2% methylene blue and sectioned longitudinally. Finally dye penetration was calculated under a stereomicroscope and results were analyzed by t-test. The mean value of dye penetration [microleakage] in first group was 2.92 mm and for the second group was about 4.83 mm so that the mean value in the first group was significantly lesser than that of the second group [P<0.001]. Because of high viscosity and thickness of ZOE, the hand-held technique [using plugger] had lesser microleakage and better apical seal which could be considered as the preferred technique in filling primary teeth canals