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@#Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of influenza in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of influenza. Methods Influenza surveillance data in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 55 970 cases of influenza were reported in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, with an average annual incidence of 388.08/100 000. A total of 103 723 cases of influenza -like illness cases (ILI) were reported, with an average annual ILI% of 3.58%. The incidence, ILI% , and positive detection rates of influenza were all far higher than those in the corresponding period in 2019. The classification of the population is mainly composed of students under the age of 15. The top three reported cases were Fucheng District (20 118, 35.94%), Youxian District (6 394, 11.42%) and Jiangyou District (5 800, 10.36%). 10 126 samples of ILI were received and detected, with a positive rate of 19.53%, the positive rate of ILI samples was mainly students under 15 years old. The dominant strains of influenza viruses showed an alternating trend over the years, and A (H3) was the predominant type in 2019. Except for 2 A (H9) strains detected in 2021, the rest were all BV strains. Due to the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, the positive detection rate was low throughout the year. 43 outbreaks of ILI were reported, which were mainly occurred in winter, and most of them were in primary schools. Conclusion From 2019 to 2021, the characteristics of cases, ILI, pathogen surveillance and outbreak events of influenza in Mianyang City are basically the same, with students under 15 years of age and schools remaining the key population and sites of concern. the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions for influenza prevention and control is further evidenced by the low incidence of influenza during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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ObjectiveTo establish a simple， fast and accurate method for locating the volatile oil in Angelicae Sinensis Radix based on frozen section and fluorescence imaging technology， and to reveal the distribution and accumulation of volatile oil in the roots of this herbal medicine. MethodAngelicae Sinensis Radix was used as the research material， the best frozen section conditions for the research material were established by comparing the effects of different cryoprotectants on the quality of frozen sections of Angelicae Sinensis Radix. The suitability of Sudan Ⅲ chemical staining and fluorescence localization for positioning the volatile oil were compared according to the loss of volatile oil and the complexity of operation process. ResultA new method for evaluating the quality of frozen sections of Angelicae Sinensis Radix was established. According to the evaluation equation， it was found that the highest score was obtained when the head， body and tail positions of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were treated with 20% glycerol， 15% glycerol and 20% sucrose， respectively. There was yellowish-brown oily substance in the oil chambers of phelloderm and secondary phloem， and oil canal of the secondary xylem of Angelicae Sinensis Radix， which could be stained orange red or orange yellow by Sudan Ⅲ， and there was green spontaneous fluorescence in the same part under the fluorescence microscope. ConclusionThe relatively complete section of Angelicae Sinensis Radix can be obtained after being treated with cryoprotectant. The volatile oil exists in the oil chambers of phelloderm and secondary phloem， and oil canal of the secondary xylem of Angelicae Sinensis Radix. This study can provide reference for observation of the accumulation sites of volatile oil in other plants.
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Objective:To study the change of soil environment and yield of <italic>Angelica sinensis </italic> when cultivated on the film side and and open field sides，and to explore the influence of garlic volatiles and film-side cultivation on continuous cropping <italic>A. sinensis</italic>，so as to provide some certain theoretical basis for the saying that the <italic>A. sinensis</italic> garlic intercropping mode and film-side cultivation could alleviate continuous cropping <italic>A. sinensis</italic>. Method:In this study， the effects of garlic on soil environment and yield of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> cultivated on film side and crop rotation were discussed through the determination and analysis of soil microorganism quantity，soil enzyme activity and yield of Angelica sinensis in the rhizosphere of <italic>A. sinensis</italic>. Result:The number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil of <italic>A. sinensis </italic>increased significantly， while the number of fungi decreased significantly. Among them， the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the intercropping of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> and garlic on the film side increased by 104% and 146.89% on average as compared with that of the control （monoculture under continuous cropping open field），and the number of fungi decreased by 39.28% on average as compared with that of control group. When the enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil was significantly increased under the condition of intercropping with garlic on the film side，the soil urease，sucrase，alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities under the intercropping of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> and gralic on the rotation film side were increased by 61.60%，51.09%，203.48% and 76.19% respectively as compared with those in control group. The yield of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> significantly increased under the condition of intercropping with garlic on the film-side，and the yield of Angelica sinensis under the rotation film-side intercropping with garlic increased by 39.37% as compared with that of control group. Conclusion:Under the mode of film-side cultivation，the interplanting of <italic>A. sinensis </italic>with garlic can change the number of soil microorganism，improve the activity of soil enzyme，improve the physical and chemical properties of soil， alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping and guarantee the healthy growth of <italic>A. sinensis</italic> more effectively.
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Objective::To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of Liuwei Dihuangtang on memory impairment in rats with chronic depression. Method::Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group (normal saline), chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model group (normal saline), and low, medium and high-dose Liuwei Dihuangtang groups (2.60, 7.81, 23.50 g·kg-1·d-1). Except for the normal group, all of the other groups were included in the chronic unpredictable mild stress model. Weight were measured every week, changes in their behavioral indicators were observed. The mRNA expressions of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K), cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the rat hippocampus were determined by real-time fluorescence quantification polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR). The concentration of serum estrogen was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Result::Compared with normal group, model group showed decreases in weight, activity and interest. Liuwei Dihuangtang (2.60, 7.81, 23.50 g·kg-1) significantly increased the sucrose preference of CUMS rats (P<0.01) and standing times in the open field test (P<0.01), doses of 7.81, 23.50 g·kg-1 significantly increased the total distance of the open field test (P<0.05, P<0.01), doses of 2.60, 7.81 g·kg-1 shortened the latency of water maze experiment (P<0.01), and dose of 7.81 g·kg-1 increased serum estrogen concentration (P<0.05). The mRNA expressions of GPR30, PI3K, CREB and BDNF in hippocampus of CUMS model group decreased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01), but the mRNA expression levels of GPR30, CREB in hippocampus of 2.60 g·kg-1 dose Liuwei Dihuangtang group increased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the mRNA expression levels of GPR30, PI3K, CREB, BDNF in hippocampus of 7.81 g·kg-1 dose group increased significantly as well (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion::Liuwei Dihuangtang has effect in resisting depression, and reversing depression-like behavior and learning and memory impairment in CUMS rats, with the best effect in the medium-dose Liuwei Dihuangtang group. Its mechanism may be related to increase of serum estrogen and mRNA expressions of GPR30, PI3K, CREB and BDNF in rat hippocampus.
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Objective:To explore the allelopathic effect of garlic volatiles on Angelica sinensis by studying the allelopathic effect of both living garlicand isolated garlic sprout volatiles on A. sinensis, and provide certain theoretical basis for Angelica garlic interplanting mode to alleviate the stress of continuous cropping A. sinensis. Method:Through the determination and analysis of the growth indexes and leaf protective enzyme system of A. sinensis，the adaptability of A. sinensis to continuous cropping stress and non-continuous cropping stress environment under the influence of the volatiles of living garlic and isolated garlic sprout as well as the mechanism of resistant growth and development were discussed. Result:The overall analysis showed that the growth index and leaf protective enzyme activity of isolated garlic sprout with alleloinductive treatment（DC2）under continuous cropping stress were increased by 17.51% and 48.34% respectively as compared with those under single cropping（CK1）. The growth index and leaf protective enzyme activity of angelica under continuous cropping and intercropping（LC2）were increased by 16.63% and 36.65% as compared with those under monocrop cropping（CK2）. Those indicated that the volatiles of isolated garlic sprout had more significant effect than those of live garlic on alleviating the stress of continuous cropping of A. sinensis. Conclusion:Regardless of the presence of continuous cropping obstacle，appropriate concentrations of living garlic and isolated garlic sprout volatiles had an allelopathic promoting effect on angelica root growth index and leaf protective enzyme activity，and the effect was more obvious in continuous cropping stress conditions，so intercropping garlic has a certain role in alleviating angelica's continuous cropping stress.
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OBJECTIVE@#Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaque as manifestations of carotid atherosclerosis have been used as markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are linked to CVD, but the association between MetS and CVD is controversial.@*METHODS@#A total of 8,933 Chinese adults aged 40 years or older from 2010 to 2014 were selected from the Jidong and Kailuan communities. MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria. CIMT and carotid plaque were measured using color Doppler ultrasound. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of MetS with carotid plaque and CIMT.@*RESULTS@#MetS was found among 3,461 (3,461/8,933) participants. The odds ratio and 95% confidence internal (CI) for carotid plaques in participants with MetS was 1.16 (1.03-1.30). The risk of carotid plaques increased with the number of MetS components. The average CIMT was higher in participants with MetS (β = 0.020, 95% CI, 0.014-0.027) and in participants with more MetS components.@*CONCLUSION@#Individuals with MetS are at an increased risk for carotid atherosclerosis compared to those without MetS.
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Objective@# To investigate the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC), and to measure their diameter and angle.@*Methods @# CBCT images of 500 patients were used for this study. The incidence and types of bifid mandibular canals were recorded according to a modified classification of Naitoh: Ⅰ, retromolar canal; Ⅱ, dental canal; Ⅲ, forward canal; Ⅳ buccolingual canal. The diameter and angle between the accessory canal and the main mandibular canal were recorded. @*Results @#Bifid mandibular canals were found in 32.2% of the 1 000 hemi- mandibles, with the incidence rate of 52.17%, 36.02%, 6.21%, 5.59% in TypeⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ respectively. There are 90 cases of the mandibular branch with a diameter greater than or equal to the backbone 1/2, and 100 cases that are less than 1/2 of the backbone. The angle between the mandibular branch and the trunk Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 50.21° ± 22.25°、28.81° ± 11.5° and 13.50° ± 2.39° respectively. @*Conclusion@#Bifid mandibular canals were observed at a relatively high incidence using CBCT, and the most common type was the retromolar canal. It is suggested CBCT should be taken before mandibular surgery to give an accurate evaluation of bifid mandibular canals.
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Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC), and to measure their diameter and angle. @*Methods @#CBCT images of 500 patients were used for this study. The incidence and types of bifid mandibular canals were recorded according to a modified classification of Naitoh: Ⅰ, retromolar canal; Ⅱ, dental canal; Ⅲ, forward canal; Ⅳ buccolingual canal. The diameter and angle between the accessory canal and the main mandibular canal were recorded.@*Results@#Bifid mandibular canals were found in 32.2% of the 1 000 hemi- mandibles, with the incidence rate of 52.17%, 36.02%, 6.21%, 5.59% in TypeⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ respectively. There are 90 cases of the mandibular branch with a diameter greater than or equal to the backbone 1/2, and 100 cases that are less than 1/2 of the backbone. The angle between the mandibular branch and the trunk Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 50.21° ± 22.25°、28.81° ± 11.5° and 13.50° ± 2.39° respectively. @*Conclusion @#Bifid mandibular canals were observed at a relatively high incidence using CBCT, and the most common type was the retromolar canal. It is suggested CBCT should be taken before mandibular surgery to give an accurate evaluation of bifid mandibular canals.
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We assessed the role of diabetes mellitus (DM) on treatment effects in drug-susceptible initial pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. A prospective study was conducted in eight provinces of China from October 2008 to December 2010. We enrolled 1,313 confirmed drug-susceptible initial PTB patients, and all subjects received the treatment regimen (2H3R3E3Z3/4H3R3) as recommended by the national guidelines. Of the 1,313 PTB patients, 157 (11.9%) had DM; these patients had more sputum smear-positive rates at the end of the second month [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 2.829, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.783-4.490], and higher treatment failure (aOR 2.120, 95% CI 1.565-3.477) and death rates (aOR 1.536, 95% CI 1.011-2.628). DM was a contributing factor for culture-positive rates at the end of the second month and treatment failure and death of PTB patients, thus playing an unfavorable role in treatment effects of PTB.
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Female , Humans , Male , Antitubercular Agents , Therapeutic Uses , China , Epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus , Epidemiology , Therapeutics , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Drug Therapy , Epidemiology , MicrobiologyABSTRACT
Aims: The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in men with erectile dysfunction (ED) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Methodology: The following databases were sought up to May 2015: PubMed, Google scholar, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. We performed a meta-analysis of all available randomised controlled trials. We used odds ratios (ORs) to assess the strength of the association, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) gave a sense of the precision of the estimate. Statistical analyses were performed by Review Manager, version 5.0. Results: After searching and screening the relevant articles, ten studies were included and assessed the effectiveness of PDE5 inhibitors in men with erectile dysfunction and spinal cord injury. The pooled results showed that sildenafil significantly improved erection compared with placebo in ED patients with SCI (OR = 5.96, 95% CI [3.36–10.55], P ＜ 0.00001) and there was no statistical difference compared incomplete injury group with complete injury group (OR = 0.73, 95% CI [0.38–1.43], P=0.36). It is evident that compared upper motor neuron with lower motor neuron, there were better responsive rates in sildenafil(OR = 11.56, 95% CI [2.88–46.36], P=0.0006). Because of lacking studies and data, we could not perform meta-analysis for other PDE5 inhibitors. The commonly reported adverse effects (AEs) were headache, flushing, dizziness and urinary tract infection in these studies. No severe adverse events were found. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that sildenafil is effective treatment for ED patients with SCI. In future, we need more high quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to confirm these findings and evaluate the effectiveness of other PDE5 inhibitors.
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The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a well studied and tractable genetic model organism for exploring molecular mechanisms of human diseases in biological science. The considerable work of Drosophila has promoted the comprehension of relative protein expressions and signaling pathways associated with pathological and physiological activities. Meanwhile, various strains of transgenic drosophila with diverse genetic features have been established. These fly strains can be applied into bioactivity evaluation and drug screen as an emerging human disease model. The development of Chinese medicine has been seriously restricted by lacking of techniques and methods in activity evaluation. D. melanogaster, because of its many distinguishing features, such as rapid reproduction, short life cycle, rich strains, entirety action, highly correlated with human and other characteristics, has become a desirable choice to study Chinese medicine which has complicated composition. Here, progress of researches based on flies in disease models and their application in drug evaluating were reviewed, including aging, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders and diabetes, sleep disorder, intestinal immunity, reproduction, cancer and cardiac function.
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The objective of this prospective study of the risks of treatment failure in patients with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was to provide reference data to help develop a disease control strategy. Participants were recruited in eight provinces of China from October 2008 to December 2010. A total of 1447 patients with drug-susceptible PTB and older than 15 years of age were enrolled. Demographic characteristics, bacteriological test results, and patient outcome, i.e., cure or treatment failure were recorded and compared using the chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with risk of treatment failure. Of the 1447 patients who were enrolled, 1349 patients (93.2%) were successfully treated and 98 (6.8%) failed treatment. Failure was significantly associated with age 365 years [odds ratio (OR)=2.522, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.097-5.801)], retreatment [OR=2.365, 95% CI: (1.276-4.381)], missed medicine [OR=1.836, 95% CI: (1.020-3.306)], treatment not observed [OR=1.879 95% CI: (1.105-3.195)], and positive culture result after the first [OR=1.971, 95% CI: (1.080-3.597)] and second month [OR=4.659, 95% CI: (2.590-8.382)]. The risk factors associated with treatment failure were age 365 years, retreatment, missed medication, treatment not observed, and positive culture at the end of month 1 or month 2. These risk factors should be monitored during treatment and interventions carried out to reduce or prevent treatment failure and optimize treatment success.
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Antitubercular Agents , Therapeutic Uses , China , Epidemiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Physiology , Prospective Studies , Retreatment , Risk Factors , Treatment Failure , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Drug Therapy , Epidemiology , Microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Drug Therapy , Epidemiology , MicrobiologyABSTRACT
Objective: To study the effect of volatile from isolated garlic sprouts on the germination characteristics of Angelica sinensis seeds under simulated continuous cropping stress. Methods: Treating the obstacle of A. sinensis seeds under simulate continuous cropping stress with the extract from Angelica Sinensis Radix and using isolated garlic sprouts to simulate garlic volatile allelopathy environment, so as to study the germination characteristics of A. sinensis seeds. Results: The extracts from Angelica Sinensis Radix inhibited the germination of A. sinensis seeds, and the higher the concentration was, the stronger the inhibition effects will be. The volatile from the isolated garlic sprouts promoted the germination of A. sinensis seeds, which was not treated with the extracts from Angelica Sinensis Radix at low concentration (50 g isolated garlic sprouts) and inhibited the germination at high concentration (100-200 g isolated garlic sprouts). The isolated garlic sprouts volatile had certain promoting allelopathy on the germination properties of A. sinensis seeds which were treated with the extracts from Angelica Sinensis Radix. When the fresh weight of the donor garlic sprouts was 50-100 g, the promoting effects on A. sinensis seeds germination reached extremely significant level (P<0.01). When the fresh weight of garlic sprouts was 200 g, the promoting effects were not significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The volatile from the isolated garlic sprouts could alleviate the germination inhibition by extracts from Angelica Sinensis Radix.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the current situation and explore risk factors to irregularly antipulmonary tuberculosis(TB) drugs taking in smear positive TB patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four out of the forty counties in Chongqing were randomly sampled according to the levels of social and economic development. Totally, 405 new patients with smear positive tuberculosis were systematically sampled and a household survey was carried out. A multiple logistic regression model was fitted to explore the risk factors to irregularly anti-TB drugs taking.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of valid 401 cases, 50 (12.47%) did not take their drugs regularly and the top 3 reasons for irregular drugs taking were: (1) Adverse effects; (2)Economic hardship; (3) Stopped taking drugs when symptom disappeared. Results from multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors as: self-perceived economical burden, awareness on TB before being infected and awareness on the fact that if anti-TB drugs can be stopped if the symptoms disappeared, were statistically significant to irregularly drugs taking.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Strengthening health education program and alleviation of economical burden might serve as two effective measures for regularly drugs taking among TB patients.</p>