ABSTRACT
Various species of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) were studied in the Amazon with the objective of determining their importance as malaria vectors. Of the 33 known Anopheles species occurring in the Amazon, only 9 were found to be infected with Plasmodium. The different species of this subgenus varied both in diversity and density in the collection areas. The populations showed a tendency towards lower density and diversity in virgin forest than in areas modified by human intervention. The principal vector, An. darlingi, is anthropophilic with a continuous activity cycle lasting the entire night but peaking at sunset and sunrise. These species (Nyssorhynchus) are peridomiciliary, entering houses to feed on blood and immediately leaving to settle on nearby vegetation. Anopheles nuneztovari proved to be zoophilic, crepuscular and peridomiciliary. These habits may change depending on a series of external factors, especially those related to human activity. There is a possibility that sibling species exist in the study area and they are being studied with reference to An. darlingi, An. albitarsis and An. nuneztovari. The present results do not suggest the existence of subpopulations of An. darlingi in the Brazilian Amazon.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Anopheles , Insect Vectors , Malaria/transmission , Anopheles/parasitology , Behavior, Animal , Brazil , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Habits , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Plasmodium/isolation & purification , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
The residual power of deltametrine FW (25 mg 1 .a/m2) was evaluated and compared to that of DDT (2 g i.a./m2) by means of biological tests. The different kinds of material used in constructing houses in Amazonia, such as: masonry, wood, and wattle and daub, were used. Data from logistic regression showed that the drop in mortality, the inclination of the curve in relation to time, was similar for the two insecticides in the first samples. The negative coeficient for the variable, months after application, confirmed a reduction in the activity of both insecticides. Wooden and wattle walls showed positive and negative coeficiencies respectively from the beginning. The wooden walls retained a residual effect but the wattle walls were shown to be the least indicated for the application of insecticides The experiments demonstrated a more prolonged residual effect for deltametrine as compared to DDT, and that insecticides work better on brick and cement and wooden walls than they do on wattle and daub constructions. For these reasons, it would be necessary to spray brick and cement walls every 8 months, wooden ones every 9 months and wattle constructions every 7 months to control the vectors of malaria.
ABSTRACT
The residual power of deltametrine FW (25mg l.a/m²) was evaluated and compared to that of DDT (2g i.a./m²) by means of biological tests. The different kinds of material used in constructing houses in Amazonia, such as: masonry, wood, and wattle and daub, were used. Data from logistic regression showed that the drop in mortality, the inclination of the curve in relation to time, was similar for the two insecticides in the first samples. The negative coeficient for the variable, months after application, confirmed a reduction in the activity of both insecticides. Wooden and wattle walls showed positive and negative coeficiencies respectively from the beginning. The wooden walls retained a residual effect but the wattle walls were shown to be the least indicated for the application of insecticides. The experiments demonstrated a more prolonged residual effect for deltametrine as compared to DDT, and that insecticides work better on brick and cement and wooden walls than they do on wattle and daub constructions. For these reasons, it would be necessary to spray brick and cement walls every 8 months, wooden ones every 9 months and wattle constructions every 7 months to control the vectors of malaria
Subject(s)
Housing , Insecticides , Malaria/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The Biology of Amazonian Anophelines an Evaluation of the Occurrence of Species of Anopheles,and Other Culicids at the Balbina Hydroletric Dam - Five Years After the Filling of the Reservoir. An entolomogical study was conducted in the area of influence of the Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (UHB), situated about 146 km from Manaus, Amazonas, in order to evaluate the effect it might have on populations of Anophelesand other culicids. Five years after the lake was formed, An. darlingi, An. nuneztovariand An. triannulatuswere the most frequently encountered species. Collection areas were: 1 - Road BR-174, 2 - Access to UHB and 3 - Uatumã-Morena Area. The mosquito/man/hour for each specie in the three areas were respectively: Area 1 - 0,57; 12,85; 0,43. Area 2 - 0; 3,75; 0,18 and Area 3 - 0; 26,38; 0,34. Representatives of the first two of these species were found to be positive for Plasmodiumby using an immunoenzymatic test. The prevalence of positive mosquitos was 1:35 for An. darlingiand only 1:548 for An* mmezjovciri.The density of the other culicids was low even though the diversity was comparable ( 32 different species) to that found in the areas of other hydroelectric dams built on clear or white water rivers in Amazonia. In the black waters of Balbina, an initial proliferation of macrophytes was followed by a reduction in these plants possibly caused by lack of nutrients in the water. The fall off in macro-phyte production relates to a scarcity of Mansoniasp. in the area.
Um inquérito entomològico foi realizado na área de influência da Hidrelétrica de Balbina, situada a 146 km de Manaus, Amazonas, para avaliar os possíveis efeitos sobre as populações de Anophelese de outros culicídeos. Cinco anos após a formação do lago, An. darlingi, An. nuneztovarie An. triannulatusforam as espécies encontradas com maior freqüência nas coletas realizadas em 1. Rodovia BR-174, 2. Acceso á Usina Hidrelétrica de Balbina e 3. Área Uatumã-Morena. Para cada espécie os índices mosquito/homem/hora foram respectivamente: Area 1 - 0,57; 12,85; 0,43. Área 2 - 0; 3,75; 0,18 e Área 3 - 0; 26,38; 0,34. Representantes das duas primeiras espécies se mostraram positivas para Plasmodiumcom testes imunoenzimáticos. A prevalência de mosquitos positivos foi 1:35 para An. darlingie apenas 1:548 para An. nuneztovari.A densidade dos outros culicídeos foi baixa (Área 1 - 3,23 m/h/h; Área 2 - 4,5 m/h/h; Área 3 - 7,40 m/h/h) embora a diversidade foi comparável ( 32 espécies diferentes) com as encontradas em outras hidrelétricas construídas em rios de águas brancas ou claras da Amazônia. Nas águas pretas da Balbina, uma proliferação inicial de macrófitas foi seguida pela redução destas possivelmente pela falta de nutrientes na água. A diminuição no crescimento de macrófitas deve estar relacionada com a escassez de Mansoniasp. na área.