ABSTRACT
Melamine in combination with cyanuric acid has been considered to be more toxic than either melamine or cyanuric acid alone. The objective of this study was designed to evaluate the combined genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of melamine (M) and cyanuric acid (C) at three mass ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). MC (1:1), MC (1:2), and MC (2:1) were evaluated for their potential genotoxic risk, at gene level by Ames test, and at chromosomal level by micronucleus test. In order to evaluate cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells, the MTT assay was included. Western blot was also employed to investigate the renal injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) expression in HEK-293 cells exposed to MC. Neither genotoxicity at gene level nor at chromosomal level was observed for MC (1:1), MC (1:2), and MC (2:1). Based on MTT assay, three ratios of MC at 82.5 and 165 µg/mL slightly inhibited viability of HEK-293 cells (P<0.05). MC (1:1) at 41.25 and 82.50 µg/mL could elevate the Kim-1 expression in HEK-293 cells.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Survival , HEK293 Cells , Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 , Membrane Glycoproteins , Metabolism , Receptors, Virus , Metabolism , Triazines , PharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide basic information for epidemiological research of gastrointestinal (GI) malignant tumors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of GI cancer diagnosed in 15 hospitals of Heilongjiang province between January 1998 and December 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. The data mainly involved the age of onset, initial symptoms, pathological types, clinical staging and types of surgical procedure.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Gastric cancer was the most common type (45.8%) among the 33,540 GI cancer cases, then were rectal cancer (27.3%) and colon cancer (26.8%). Right colon cancer cases were more common than the left ones (1.3:1.0), particularly in people over 80 (2.1:1.0). Only 1.3% of colorectal cancer could be found in age under 30 years old. In patients aged 50 to 70, advanced gastric cancer accounted for 70.6%, advanced colon cancer 73.4% and advanced rectal cancer 72.4%. Well-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma in early gastric cancer was 49.7%, early colon cancer 77.3% and rectal cancer 83.2%. Patients undergone radical excision in early gastric cancer accounted for 69.1%, advanced gastric cancer 79.9%, left colon cancer 91.9%, right colon cancer 83.9% and in rectal cancer for 88.3%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>People aged 50 to 70 tend to get GI cancer in Heilongjiang province. Gastric cancer is the most common GI cancer. Radical excision is the main choice of therapy.</p>