ABSTRACT
Immunoglobulin G4-related diseases(IgG4-RD)are chronic, systemic diseases that have received much attention in recent years. IgG4-RD can affect almost all tissues of the body, mainly manifested by swelling and space-occupying changes in the involved sites. It is called IgG4-related ophthalmic disease(IgG4-ROD)when the lesions invade the ocular area. The disease mainly invades the lacrimal glands, orbital fat, infraorbital nerve, extraocular muscles, and eyelids. At present, the main treatment modalities for IgG4-ROD include medication, surgery, and radiation therapy, etc. With the enhanced understanding of the disease and the increasing cure rate in recent years, this article reviews the latest progress in the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, imaging features, diagnosis and treatment of IgG4-ROD.
ABSTRACT
@#Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the most common retinal vascular disease, seriously compromising visual function and quality-of-life. Retinal laser photocoagulation is one of the safest, most effective, and economical methods used to treat DR, but is associated with certain side-effects developing at the time of treatment. Given the continuous developments in diagnostic and treatment modalities, the complications associated with the use of traditional single-point lasers are becoming better understood. Today, the clinical demand for multi-point scanning lasers is increasing, but the effectiveness and safety of both treatments require further exploration. Here, we review the effects of laser treatment on vision, fundus fluorescein angiography, the visual field, visual function, macular edema, and the corneal nerve.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the expression and distribution of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in orbital adipose tissues of patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), and to explore the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on the proliferation and differentiation of orbital preadipocytes. Methods We harvested the orbital adipose tissues from 6 patients with TAO (TAO group) and 5 controls (control group); the patients were treated in Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University from Sep. 2014 to Jan. 2015. The expression and distribution of IGF-1R in the orbital adipose tissues were examined by Western blotting analysis, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The orbital preadipocytes were extracted in two groups, and the effects of different concentrations of IGF-1 (0 nmol/L, 1 nmol/L, 5 nmol/L, 10 nmol/L, and 20 nmol/L) on cell proliferation were examined by CCK8. The differentiation of cells and the expression of IGF-1R were observed by oil red O staining and Western blotting; the effect of different concentrations of IGF-1 (0 nmol/L, 1 nmol/L, 5 nmol/L, 10 nmol/L, and 20 nmol/L) on preadipocyte differentiation was detected by real-time PCR. Results The expressions of IGF-1R protein and mRNA in orbital adipose tissues in TAO group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0. 01). The proliferation of orbital preadipocytes was promoted in both groups, and the cell proliferation in TAO group was significantly higher than that in control group when treated with 1-20 nmol/L IGF-1 (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). The expression of IGF-1R in the TAO group was significantly higher than that in the control group before and after differentiation. Compared with IGF-1 absent group, 1-20 nmol/L IGF-1 significantly promoted the expression of PPARγ mRNA in orbital preadipocytes in TAO group (P<0. 01). Oil red O staining results showed that the lipid droplet synthesis was significantly increased with the increase of IGF-1 concentration (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Conclusion IGF-1R is highly expressed in the adipose tissue and preadipocytes in patients with TAO, and IGF-1 can promote the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes in patients with TAO.