ABSTRACT
Background: India is among the largest countries to implement the revised national tuberculosis (TB) control program (RNTCP). Ocular toxicity of ethambutol has been known since 1962. It can be halted with early detection and cessation of the contributing drug. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to detect early ocular toxicity of ethambutol in TB patients under directly observed treatment strategy (DOTS). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 30 patients getting AKT including ethambutol along with isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide under RNTCP?DOTS center at a tertiary care hospital. The detailed history, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color vision, fundus examination, visual field, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and central subfield macular thickness were carried out in all patients pretreatment and then at the 2nd month of treatment. Results: The mean age of patient was 44.87 years. Reduced visual acuity from the baseline was noted at the second in 23.33% of the right eyes (P = 0.01) and 30% of the left eyes (P < 0.01). Mean temporal RNFL thickness was significantly reduced from baseline after 2 months of treatment (P = 0.046). No significant difference was observed with color vision and visual fields pre- and post-treatment. Conclusion: The assessment of BCVA, color vision, visual field, RNFL, and macular thickness is essential at baseline and thereafter at frequent intervals to detect early ethambutol toxicity and probable reversible visual loss.
ABSTRACT
Objectives@#The Department of Health (DOH) aims to reduce the prevalence of intestinal parasitism and proportion of heavy intensity of infection in the country by 2022. Among the interventions is school-based mass drug administration (MDA). Regular assessment of MDA gives guidance to the DOH. The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence of soil transmitted helminthiasis and histosomiasis among public school children ages 5 to 16 years old. @*Methodology@#A cross-sectional, school-based study using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted from 2013 to 2015, covering the National Capital Region (NCR), and all provinces, except Maguindanao and Sulu. Stool samples were examined using the duplicate Kato Katz (KK). @*Results@#Of the 26,171 school children with stool samples examined, 7,440 (28.4%) were infected with at least one soil-transmitted helminth (STH). Infections among male students were significantly higher than female students (31.0% versus 26.0%). Heavy, moderate, and light intensity of infections were 3.2%, 29.0% and 67.7%, respectively. STH cumulative prevalence per province ranged between 0.5% and 89.5%. Schistosomiasis infections were detected in known non-endemic provinces: Ilocos Norte, Biliran, Tawi-Tawi, Basilan, and Dinagat Islands. Majority (68%) of the infections were with single parasites but as many as five parasites were detected in one child. Infections with heterophyids were also observed. @*Conclusion@#While the national prevalence of schistosomiasis was less than 1.0%, the cumulative prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school-aged children was higher than the global figure of 24.0%.
Subject(s)
Schistosomiasis , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Corneoscleral tunnel infection is a potentially sight threatening complication of cataract surgery. Microbiological investigations are mandatory and early surgical intervention helps in achieving favourable outcomes. Fungal infection of tunnel incisions can pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We report a case of post-operative tunnel infection with curvularia. Prompt surgical intervention and intensive topical therapy helped attain a good tectonic as well as visual recovery.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To understand trends, awareness, influences and barriers to eye donation in Indian society. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Delhi from March 2017 to February 2018. About 10 hospitals collaborated with the Eye Bank under Human Cornea Retrieval Program (HCRP). Eye Bank recruited Eye Donation Counselors (EDCs) to approach family members of the deceased. A pretested questionnaire was used for this study. Irrespective of whether the next of kin of the deceased consented for eye donation or not, the option of participating in the survey was given. Results: Out of 473 potential donors identified, 407 (86%) next of kin consented to participate in the study. Of these, 388 (95.3%) were males and 19 (4.7%) were females. About 168 (41%) consented for eye donation and were assigned to donor group, while 239 (59%) participants refused eye donation and were assigned to non-donor group. Majority of the participants were siblings 170 (41.8%) of the deceased and the mean age of the deceased was 42.71 ± 17.56 years. The foremost concern before decision-making was transparency in how the cornea would be used (32.25%). The concern with regards to whether the body would remain intact after eye donation significantly decreased the probability of consent for eye donation. Conclusion: The study highlights that barriers to eye donation in India are not cultural or religious but more due to misinformation and proper utilization of the donated tissue. This study also emphasizes the pivotal role of EDC's in facilitating the eye donation movement.
ABSTRACT
Background@#Erectile dysfunction is a complication of diabetes secondary to vasculogenic and neurological abnormalities. There are limited studies that involve either primary care physicians or clinics pertaining to prevalence and assessment of erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.@*Objectives@#To determine the levels of erectile dysfunction among type 2 Diabetic patients seen at the family medicine clinic of a private hospital@*Methods@#A descriptive, correlational, cross sectional study among 85 diagnosed Type 2 diabetes patients was done. Data were collected using a structured self-administered IIEF-5 questionnaire. The demographic profile was analyzed using means, standard deviation, median and frequency distribution. Correlation of the baseline characteristics and the IIEF-5 scores was done using Pearson’s and Biserial correlation coefficients@*Results@#The participants were of 49 years old on the average, all married with a median monthly family income of 18,000 pesos, and an average body mass index of 28.3. Most of them never smoked (75.3%) while half (58.8%) drink alcoholic beverages. Hypertension history was at 44.7% of the participants. Most of them (67 or 78.8%) had mild to moderate levels of erectile dysfunction, while only 18 or 21.2% had none. ED severity was noted to increase with age, smoking history and income.@*Conclusion@#Majority of the participants have mild to moderate erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction increases with age, smoking history and family income.
Subject(s)
Erectile Dysfunction , Diabetes MellitusABSTRACT
Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify quality indicators of the eye bank and validate their effectivity. Methods: Adverse reaction rate, discard rate, protocol deviation rate, and compliance rate were defined as Quality Indicators of the eye bank. These were identified based on definition of quality that captures two dimensions – “result quality” and “process quality.” The indicators were measured and tracked as part of quality assurance (QA) program of the eye bank. Regular audits were performed to validate alignment of standard operating procedures (SOP) with regulatory and surgeon acceptance standards and alignment of activities performed in the eye bank with the SOP. Prospective study of the indicators was performed by comparing their observed values over the period 2011–2016. Results: Adverse reaction rate decreased more than 8-fold (from 0.61% to 0.07%), discard rate decreased and stabilized at 30%, protocol deviation rate decreased from 1.05% to 0.08%, and compliance rate reported by annual quality audits improved from 59% to 96% at the same time. In effect, adverse reaction rate, discard rate, and protocol deviation rate were leading indicators, and compliance rate was the trailing indicator. Conclusion: These indicators fulfill an important gap in available literature on QA in eye banking. There are two ways in which these findings can be meaningful. First, eye banks which are new to quality measurement can adopt these indicators. Second, eye banks which are already deeply engaged in quality improvement can test these indicators in their eye bank, thereby incorporating them widely and improving them over time.
ABSTRACT
Objetivos: Efectuar la traducción y la adaptación transcultural al español del Questionnaire on Knowledge, At- titudes and Behaviors related to Oral Health (QKAB-OH) y estudiar la coherencia interna de esta versión del cuestionario. Material y métodos: El proceso de traducción, adaptación y validación del QKAB-OH se realizó en base a la síntesis de varias líneas directrices relacionadas con el proceso de traducción y adaptación de cues- tionarios. La coherencia interna de la versión traducida de este cuestionario se evaluó mediante una muestra no probabilística de niños de 9 a 13 años que viven en distritos o comunidades rurales andinas. Resultados: La coherencia interna se evaluó mediante una muestra de 70 niños. Para el conjunto de las secciones de la versión al español del QKAB-OH, el alfa de Cronbach es de 0,73. Conclusiones: Este proceso proporciona validez al con- tenido del cuestionario y una coherencia interna satisfactoria. Puede utilizarse para evaluar los comportamientos, las actitudes y los conocimientos relacionados con la salud bucodental de los niños peruanos (9 a 13 años) que viven en el área rural alto andino.
Objectives: To carry out the translation, cross-cultural adaptation and internal coherence of the Questionnaire on Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors related to Oral Health (QKAB-OH) Spanish version. Material and methods: The translation, adaptation and preliminary validation process of QKAB-OH was carried out based on a synthesis of several guidelines related to the process of translation and adaptation of questionnaires. The internal consistency of the translated version of the questionnaire was evaluated using a non-probabilistic sam- ple of children aged 9 to 13 years old living in rural Andean districts or communities. Results: Seventy children were recruited for the study. Cronbach's alpha of the QKAB-OH Spanish version (all sections included) was 0.73. Conclusions: This questionnaire adaptation appears to have a good face validity and a satisfactory internal consistency. It could therefore be used to evaluate behaviors, attitudes and knowledge related to oral health with Peruvian children (aged 9-13) living in high Andean rural area.