ABSTRACT
Background: Injection is an important drug delivery system especially for severely ill patient, acute emergency condition and immunization. A safe injection is that, does not harm the recipient (patient), does not expose the provider (Health Workers) to any avoidable risk and does not result in waste that is dangerous for the community. Nursing personnel are an important risk group for occupational exposure to needle stick injuries as they are directly involved in the patient care activities like giving injections, starting IV line, taking blood sample etc. Objectives: To study the knowledge & impact of educational intervention of injection safety, post exposure prophylaxis following needle stick injury and segregation of bio medical waste among study nd rd nd rd participants. Methods: An Interventional study was carried out among 2 ,3 and final year B.Sc. & 2 ,3 year GNM nursing students of one of the Nursing Colleges in Ahmedabad. Results: Out of total, 233 (89.6%) were females and 27(10.4%) were males. Overall comparison between pre-test and post-test score regarding various factor of knowledge and practice of safe injection was statistically significant. Out of total, 36(13.8%) study participants were suffered from needle stick injury due to quickness or not wearing gloves. Only 11.1% study participants were not taking post exposure prophylaxis because of lack of knowledge and dread about long time medication course. Conclusion: Practice of injection safety standards was inappropriate except for routine use of hand gloves. The level of knowledge was poor especially in Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Needle-prick injury accident management (NPIAM) protocol and register for post-exposure prophylaxis. Post-intervention assessment showed significant improvement in Knowledge for injection safety, PEP/NPIAM and category wise segregation of Bio-medical waste. Periodic reinforcement of the Nursing students by MBBS level educator with IEC and hands on training intervention will significantly protect them from NSIs and prevent the spread of blood borne pathogens.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Correct breast feeding technique, proper position and attachment are very important to get all benefits of breast feeding. Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) has also given utmost importance to the correct breast feeding technique. Objectives: To describe the socio-demographic profile and feeding practices among lactating mothers, to identify factors associated with good breast feeding (attachment) practices and to evaluate the impact of video demonstration on breast feeding practices immediately after and at one month follow up. Methodology: An interventional study was conducted at urban slums of Ahmedabad city, India. Results from 150 lactating mothers were analysed. Interactive sessions in conjunction with video demonstrations of IMNCI regarding correct breast feeding techniques were conducted among 9 groups of lactating mothers. Number of lactating mothers in each group varied from 15 to 20. Good signs of attachment were measured pre IMNCI video sessions, immediately and one month after the session. Results: Mean age of mothers was 26.44 years. Total mothers who had more than 6 antenatal visits were 59.3%. Two-thirds of lactating mothers did not receive any kind of breast feeding related advice. Only 8.0% had initiated breast feeding after 48 hours of delivery. Some kind of pre lacteal feed was given to 41.3% of the newborns. Improvement in all four signs of good attachment (mouth widely open, lower lip turned outward, chin touching the breast and dark skin seen more above than below areola) was seen among lactating mothers while feeding their babies after training session. Mothers from higher social class and with education > 12 standard and mothers who have received advice during antenatal and postnatal period regarding breast feeding were found to have significant positive impact on determining good attachment while breast feeding. Conclusion: Breast feeding related counseling should be continued at frequent interval during post natal period, so that lactating mothers can follow correct breastfeeding practices.