ABSTRACT
Cloacal malformations are characterized by the confluence of the lower urinary tract, the female reproductive tract, and the rectum to create a common channel with a single opening on the perineum. The presence of a cloaca is a normal phase of early human embryological development. Between the 4th and 7th weeks of gestation, the cloaca undergoes subdivision to form the hindgut and urogenital sinus. Failure of this process results in the congenital anomaly termed persistent cloaca (PC). The term urorectal septum malformation sequence (URSMS) is also used to describe this anomaly. The classic description of this process which is still cited in many standard textbooks dates from the 19th century. However, this has been increasingly called into question by the findings of studies using modern scientific methodology. Urogenital sinus anomalies are defined by the confluence of the urethra and vagina to form a common channel of varying length with a single perineal opening. In this condition, the anorectal canal opens separately on the perineum. The presence of a urogenital sinus represents a transient phase of the normal development of the lower genital tract in the female fetus. However, the form of urogenital sinus most commonly encountered in the developed world is a feature of disordered sexual differentiation and does not arise simply from the persistence of the anatomical structure which is a feature of normal fetal development.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Cloaca/embryology , Urogenital Abnormalities/embryology , Vagina/embryologyABSTRACT
Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de soro de leite líquido à dieta sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos e sobre a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (DAMS), da proteína bruta (DAPB), da fibra em detergente neutro (DAFDN) e da fibra em detergente ácido (DAFDA) em 12 vacas Girolando, secas, que receberam feno de coastcross (Cynodon dactylon), suplementado com sal proteinado, e zero (controle), 15, 30 ou 45 litros de soro de leite/dia. A adição de soro na dieta afetou a DAMS e a DAPB (P<0,01) e não houve efeito sobre a DAFDN e a DAFDA. Quanto maior a quantidade de soro, maior o valor da DAMS e da DAPB. Os valores médios de glicose no plasma sanguíneo - 59,3; 64,0; 66,6 e 69.2mg/dL - variaram (P<0,01) entre os tratamentos, ajustando-se a regressões lineares positivas. A inclusão de soro afetou (P<0,01) a quantidade de ureia no sangue de maneira decrescente - 22,83; 20,17; 17,5 e 15,67. O soro de leite melhorou a eficiência de utilização de compostos nitrogenados no rúmen e pode ser utilizado para complementar suplementos proteicos com elevados teores de ureia.
The effect of liquid whey addition in the diet on blood parameters and on the apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM), crude protein (ADCP), neutral detergent fiber (ADNDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADADF) was evaluated in 12 dry Gir cows, receiving coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) hay supplemented with protein salt and zero (control), 15, 30, or 45 liters of whey per day. The inclusion of the whey in the diet affected the ADDM and ADCP (P<0.01) and had no effect on ADNDF and ADADF. As high the volume of whey inclusion, higher the ADDM and ADCP values. The average values of glucose in blood plasma - 59.3, 64.0, 66.6, and 69.2mg/dL - varied (P<0.01) among treatments, adjusting themselves to positive linear dL regressions. The whey inclusion diminished (P<0.01) blood urea values - 22.83, 20.17, 17.5, and 15.67. The whey improved the efficiency of utilization of nitrogen compounds in the rumen and can be used to complement protein supplements with high levels of urea.