ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of mild hypothermia on expression of autophagyrelated proteins LC3 and Beclin-1 in the hippocampus of rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods Sixty healthy male adult SD rats were divided into sham group, TBI group, hypothermiatreated group (31-33℃) according to the random number, with 20 rats per group.Rat models of TBI were established using the Marmarou's method.After 4 h of normothermia or hypothermia, the rats were killed 6, 12, 24, and 48 h later.Co-localization of LC3 with neuron specific protein (NeuN) or mammalian target of rapamycinm (mTOR) was determined by double immunofluorescence.Levels of LC3, Beclin-1 and p-mTOR proteins were detected by Western blot analysis.Results LC3 co-localization with NeuN (or mTOR) was observed under confocal laser scanning microscope.In TBI group LC3 and Beclin-1 levels were seen to rise at 6 h, peaked at 24 h and fell slightly at 48 h, but the levels were still higher than these in sham group (P ＜ 0.05).In TBI group p-mTOR level began to decrease at 6 h, reached the lowest point at 12 h, and then ascended at 24 and 48 h, but the level was still lower than that in sham group (P ＜0.05).Mild hypothermia contributed to remarkable decreases in LC3 and Beclin-I expressions, while up-regulating p-mTOR after injury (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Mild hypothermia appears to be neuroprotective as it inhibits autophagy in hippocampal neurons after TBI in rats through activation of mTOR signaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the application of neuronavigator in the resection of neurospongioma and management of brain shift.Methods Operation protocol was made according to three dimensional structure of neumspongioma under neuronavigation.The focus was sought by using viewing wand for the resection.Results All focus were removed under neuronavigator.The size and operation time was associated with brain shift along the operation pathway.Operative approach and depth of lesion was related to brain shift.Loss of large volume of cerebrospinal fluid exerted influences on the shift of codex along the operative pathway and plane side.Conclusion Neuronavigator can effectively protect nerve function when used in the resection of neurospongioma.As for brain shift,strict navigation and operative procedure would be useful for reducing loss of cerebrospinal fluid,removed volume of brain tissue and avoiding early release of tumor hydatid flui.