Métodos de avaliação da composição corporal em crianças / Methods of body composition evaluation in children

OBJETIVO: Revisar as principais técnicas de avaliação da composição corporal de crianças, enfatizando os estudos de validação. FONTES DE DADOS: Foi realizada uma busca nas principais bases científicas em saúde (SciELO, Science Direct e Pubmed), utilizando-se os descritores: "validação", "composição corporal", "criança", "índice de massa corporal", "pesagem hidrostática", "plestimografia", "bioimpedância elétrica", "pregas cutâneas", "antropometria", "circunferência da cintura" e respectivos vocábulos em inglês e espanhol. Foram selecionados artigos publicados entre 1990 e 2007e trabalhos clássicos referentes ao tema, publicados anteriormente. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Os métodos indiretos mais utilizados para avaliação da composição corporal de crianças são a plestimografia e a absortometria radiológica de dupla energia. Dentre os métodos duplamente indiretos, os mais utilizados são o índice de massa corporal, as pregas cutâneas, a bioimpedância elétrica, a circunferência da cintura, a relação cintura/quadril, o índice de conicidade e a relação cintura/estatura, sendo que as maiores correlações encontradas foram para a bioimpedância elétrica e o índice de massa corporal. CONCLUSÕES: Existem vários métodos para avaliar a composição corporal em crianças, cada um com suas vantagens e desvantagens. Ao definir o melhor método, é preciso eleger aquele que melhor detecte o problema que se pretende corrigir, levando em consideração os custos, o nível de treinamento dos avaliadores, o tempo de execução, a receptividade da população e os possíveis riscos à saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To review the main methods to assess body composition of children, emphasizing validation studies. DATA SOURCES: SciELO, Science Direct and Pubmed databases were searched using the following key-words: "validation", "body composition", "child", "body mass index", "hydrostatic weighing", "plesthymography", "electrical bioimpedance", "skinfold, anthropometry, waist circumference. Studies published between 1990 and 2007 in English and Spanish, as well as recognized classical works on the theme, were selected. DATA SYNTHESIS: The most widely used indirect methods to evaluate the body composition of children were plesthymography and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Among the double indirect methods, the most frequently used ones were body mass index, skinfold thickness, electrical bioimpedance, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, conicity index and waist-to-height ratio. Higher correlations were found for electrical bioimpedance and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: There are many methods to evaluate a child's body composition, each one with advantages and disadvantages. Before starting the evaluation, an effective method must be chosen to identify the problem, considering costs, the evaluators' skills, timing, acceptance by the target population and possible risks to health.

Avaliação do controle radioquímico do Ricinus communis L. e Tc-99m na marcação de hemácias / Assessment of the radiochemical control of Ricinus communis L. and Tc-99m with the labeling of red blood cells

O Ricinus communis L. pertence à família das Euforbiáceas, possui frutos típicos de onde é extraído o óleo de rícino, altamente tóxico. Neste estudo foi analisado o efeito do extrato de Ricinus communis L na marcação de hemácias com Tc-99m através do controle radioquímico. Os resultados mostraram que no controle radioquímico por meio da cromatografia, foi observado que o extrato marcado com Tc-99m mostrou duas frações com 130.007 e 494.592 cpm, e na marcação de hemácias, com por centoATI de 61.88 e 41.32 por cento nas frações 1 e 2. Foi concluído que o extrato de R. communis L. altera a captação do Tc-99m in vitro, competindo com o material radioativo em possíveis sítios de ligação nas células vermelhas do sangue, como a capacidade de oxidação do íon estanoso ou por competição com o íon pertecnetato.

Ricinus communis L. belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, from whose fruits the ricin oil is extracted, highly toxic. In this study it was analyzed the effect of the extract of Ricinus communis L. in the labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m through the radiochemical control. The results showed that in the radiochemical control through chromatography, it was observed that the extract labeled with Tc-99m showed two fractions with 130.007 and 494.592 cpm, and in the labeling of red blood cells, with percentATI of 61.88 and 41.32 percent in the fractions 1 and 2. It has been concluded that the extract of Ricinus communis alters the captivating of Tc-99m in vitro, competing with the radioactive material in the possible binding sites of the red blood cells, as well in the capacity of oxidation of the stannous ion or by competition with the pertechnetate ion.

Chlorpheniramine impairs functional recovery in Carassius auratus after telencephalic ablation

We determined the effect of an H1 receptor antagonist on the functional recovery of Carassius auratus submitted to telencephalic ablation. Five days after surgery the fish underwent a spatial-choice learning paradigm test. The fish, weighing 6-12 g, were divided into four groups: telencephalic ablation (A) or sham lesion (S) and saline (SAL) or chlorpheniramine (CPA, ip, 16 mg/kg). For eight consecutive days each animal was trained individually in sessions separated by 24 h (alternate days). Training trials (T1-T8) consisted of finding the food in one of the feeders, which were randomly blocked for each subject. Animals received an intraperitoneal injection of SAL or CPA 10 min after the training trials. The time spent by the animals in each group to find the food (latency) was analyzed separately at T1 and T8 by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Student Newman-Keuls test. At T1 the latencies (mean ± SEM) of the A-SAL (586.3 ± 13.6) and A-CPA (600 ± 0) groups were significantly longer than those of the S-SAL (226.14 ± 61.15) and S-CPA (356.33 ± 68.8) groups. At T8, the latencies of the A-CPA group (510.11 ± 62.2) remained higher than those of the other groups, all of which showed significantly shorter latencies (A-SAL = 301.91 ± 78.32; S-CPA = 191.58 ± 73.03; S-SAL = 90.28 ± 41) compared with T1. These results support evidence that training can lead to functional recovery of spatial-choice learning in telencephalonless fish and also that the antagonist of the H1 receptor impairs it.

Assessment of cytokine values in serum by RT-PCR in HIV-1 infected individuals with and without highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)

A cross-sectional study was performed on HIV-1 infected individuals with or without antiretroviral treatment (ARV) in the AIDS Day Hospital, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP. Between August 2004 and October 2005, 73 HIV-1 infected individuals were divided into three groups: infected individuals with or without AIDS who had never received ARV (G1 = 15); patients on HAART that had had plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) equal to or greater than 50 copies/mL (G2 = 27); and patients on HAART with undetectable VL for at least the past six months (G3 = 31). There was also an additional group that comprised blood donors without any sign of the disease and with negative HIV serum tests (G4 = 20), which was the control group. Serum cytokine levels (values in pg/mL) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and specific mRNA expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Both techniques were performed on the four groups for TNF-á, IL-2, INF-ã, IL-4 and IL-10. All patients were submitted to VL determination and CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocyte counts. The analysis of the results revealed a significant comparison among groups for both methods and an association between the latter (> 80% r² > 0.80). There was only one exception, in control individuals for IL-2 by ELISA. The cytokine profiles, in both methods, for the three patient groups, were mature Th-0. The behaviors of IL-2 and INF-ã required emphasis due to consequent expression of dominant Th profile. Both methods showed low IL-2 and high mean values of INF-ã in the three groups. Several authors have recently drawn attention to the substantial apoptosis of infected and non-infected CD4+T cells, mainly during primary infection, persisting only in those with INF-ã phenotype producer and not IL-2. HIV infected individuals submitted to HAART are expected to produce IL-2 in an attempt to present Th-1 profile, but in most cases this did not occur.(AU)

Pancreatic tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis infrequently involves pancreas. The clinical features in patients with pancreatic tuberculosis are usually non-specific. The radiological features mimic pancreatic malignancy or pancreatitis. Ultrasound or CT scan guided fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy may show caseating granulomatous inflammation. The present report includes two cases of pancreatic tuberculosis and review of relevant literature. One of our patients was diagnosed at laparotomy and the other with a CT scan guided fine needle aspiration cytology. Both patients responded well to anti tubercular chemotherapy and are now asymptomatic.

Estudio anatómico del músculo piramidal en el hombre / Anatomical study of the pyramidal muscle in the man

Realizamos un estudio de los músculos piramidales del abdomen con la finalidad de aclarar algunos aspectos morfológicos y morfométricos para contribuir al conocimiento anatómico y su utilidad de su aplicación en la práctica quirúrgica. Se utilizaron 61 cadáveres de individuos adultos, blancos y no-blancos, de sexo masculino, brasileños, los cuales fueron disecados en el Departamento de Morfología de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brasil. De los músculos piramidales se estudiaron su forma, sintopía, inserciones y vaina, además de su frecuencia y ciertos parámetros métricos. La presencia bilateral fue observada en el 48/61 casos. La ausencia bilateral de los músculos piramidales fue observada en 9/42 casos en individuos blancos. Fueron demostradas las formas triangular y cuadrangular en los músculos piramidales estudiados, ocupando su inserción el espacio comprendido entre la sínfisi púbica y el tubérculo púbico. En el lado izquierdo 42/47 casos presentaron inserción parcial en este espacio y 5/47 inserción total. En el lado derecho 41/46 se insertan de forma parcial y sólo 5/46 de forma total. La aponeurosis del músculo transverso del abdomen, forma la vaina del músculo piramidal y, por tanto, separa a éste del músculo recto del abdomen. Las variables cualitativas de longitud y ancho, cuando fueron comparados los lados derecho e izquierdo, no mostraron diferencias significativas

Isolated pancreatic metastasis from locally controlled breast cancer: a case report.

An unusual isolated metastatic carcinoma to the head of pancreas following modified radical mastectomy for operable breast cancer (T2NOMO) done three years earlier is reported. Patient remains free of disease at 27 months following whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy.