ABSTRACT
The present research work was carried out to observe the effect of various concentrations of Benzyl amino purine (BAP) in terms of multiple shoot induction with special emphasis on qualitative and quantitative changes of proteins during multiple shoot formation. From whole embryonated cotyledons of groundnut. The shoot induction medium containing different concentrations of Benzyle amino purine ranged from 5.0 to 25.0mg/l along with lower concentration of Indole acetic acid (IAA).The multiple shoots were observed in all the BAP concentrations at a varying levels. Among the various levels of BAP, 25.0mg/l of BAP plus 0.50mg/l of IAA was found to be the most effective in terms of multiple shoot induction. The growth parameters like plantlet height, fresh and dry weight also highly influenced by the concentration of the BAP. The root induction was achieved in micropropagated shoots by using Indole butyric acid (IBA) at a concentrations of 1.0 to 5.0mg/l. The mean number of roots, root length was highly influenced by IBA. In all the concentrations of IBA the rooting was associated with moderate and heavily associated basal callusing. The quantitative estimation of protein content in regenerated shoots also increased with higher concentrations of BAP. The SDS-PAGE analysis showed that there was a nine visible bands with 82.2, 76.4, 57.5, 27.6, 23.7, 21.4, 18.2, 16.5 and 12.8 kDa were observed in multiple shoots derived from all the concentrations of BAP. Whereas in whole embryonated cotyledonary explants there was a entirely different protein banding
ABSTRACT
The present study aimed at assessing the role of histone H1 in activating macrophages. Histone H1, injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight as multiple regimens weekly, significantly increased the number of peritoneal macrophages post 21 days of injection. The oxidative and non-oxidative activation of peritoneal macrophages by histone H1 was assessed. For the assessment of oxidative activation the levels of superoxide radical and nitric oxide radical were assessed. The oxidative activation was evident from release of significantly high levels of superoxide and nitric oxide radicals liberated by macrophages of animals treated with histone H1 (P < 0.001) than in untreated animals. In addition, the higher activities of superoxide dismutase indicated protective effect of histone H1, to keep away the macrophages from noxious effects of superoxide. The catalase activity was decreased significantly in macrophages of histone H1 treated animals. The levels of reduced glutathione were significantly (P < 0.001) lowered in treated animals, whereas the levels of lipid peroxides generated were non-significant. The non-oxidative activation was assessed from the activities of lysosomal enzymes released and also from cytolysis of NO-insensitive L929 cells. The activities of lysosomal enzymes-acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase released were significantly high in treated animals than in untreated animals (P < 0.001). Histone H1 stimulated the cytolysis of macrophages in L929 cells than in untreated animals. These results suggest that histone H1 stimulates macrophages by oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms, which favor its future therapeutic prospects.