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Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to various diseases. Autophagy is a membrane driven process and tightly regulated by membrane-associated proteins. Here, we summarized membrane lipid composition, and membrane-associated proteins relevant to autophagy from a spatiotemporal perspective. In particular, we focused on three important membrane remodeling processes in autophagy, lipid transfer for phagophore elongation, membrane scission for phagophore closure, and autophagosome-lysosome membrane fusion. We discussed the significance of the discoveries in this field and possible avenues to follow for future studies. Finally, we summarized the membrane-associated biochemical techniques and assays used to study membrane properties, with a discussion of their applications in autophagy.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the intention of pediatricians turnover in Shenzhen and its influencing factors.@*Methods@#From September to December 2016, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 948 pediatricians from Shenzhen to conduct a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire cover the following: 1. Basic information: general demographic characteristics(gender, age, marriage, education, etc.); 2. Work status survey: turnover intention, experiences with violence against medical workers, professional job satisfaction, and work stress, etc. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to identify factors for pediatrician′s turnover intention.@*Results@#Among the 948 pediatricians in Shenzhen, 62.5% had turnover intention; age, title, education, seniority, monthly income, medical institution nature, medical institution level, length of sleep, job satisfaction, work stress, experience with violence and family support all affect the pediatrician′s turnover intention(P<0.05); multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, education, monthly income, job satisfaction, work stress and experience with violence were the influencing factors of pediatrician′s turnover intention(P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The pediatrician′s turnover intention in Shenzhen is not low. Relevant measures should be taken by the government, hospital administrators, children patients and their family to ensure the supply of children′s medical services.
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Objective To understand the intention of pediatricians turnover in Shenzhen and its influencing factors.Methods From September to December 2016,a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 948 pediatricians from Shenzhen to conduct a questionnaire survey.The questionnaire cover the following:1.Basic information:general demographic characteristics (gender,age,marriage,education,etc.);2.Work status survey:turnover intention,experiences with violence against medical workers,professional job satisfaction,and work stress,etc.Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to identify factors for pediatrician's turnover intention.Results Among the 948 pediatricians in Shenzhen,62.5％ had turnover intention;age,title,education,seniority,monthly income,medical institution nature,medical institution level,length of sleep,job satisfaction,work stress,experience with violence and family support all affect the pediatrician's turnover intention (P ＜ 0.05);multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age,education,monthly income,job satisfaction,work stress and experience with violence were the influencing factors of pediatrician's turnover intention (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The pediatrician's turnover intention in Shenzhen is not low.Relevant measures should be taken by the government,hospital administrators,children patients and their family to ensure the supply of children's medical services.
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Polysaccharides are important large molecules in the body. It has many functions such as activting the lymphocytes like T,B, NK and M? cells, promoting the secretion of cytokines and antibodies through binding to the CR 3 receptor of lymphocytes, affecting the concentrations of cellar [Ca 2+ ] i, cAMP, cGMP, NO and PGE 2, and promoting the gene expression of cytokines. Its function also relate to its molecule weight and structure.