ABSTRACT
A considerable body of research has demonstrated that women who are abused by their male romantic partners are at substantially elevated risk for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article reviews recent literature regarding intimate partner violence (IPV) and resultant PTSD symptoms. The article is intended to be an introduction to the topic rather than an exhaustive review of the extensive literature in this area. Factors that enhance and reduce the risk for PTSD, including social support, coping styles, and types of abusive behavior experienced, are described. In addition, the unique risks associated with IPV for women who have children are discussed. Prevention efforts and treatment are briefly reviewed.
Subject(s)
Battered Women/psychology , Domestic Violence/prevention & control , Female , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Factors , Sex Offenses , Sexual Partners , Spouse Abuse/prevention & control , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology , Survivors/psychologyABSTRACT
The value of programmes to control pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries remains the subject of debate. We have examined the cost-effectiveness of chemotherapy programmes for the control of pulmonary sputum-smear-positive tuberculosis in Malawi; Mozambique; and Tanzania. Effective cure rates of 86-90 percent were achieved with short-course chemotherapy and of 60-66 percent with standard chemotherapy. The average incremental costs per year of life saved were US $1.7-2.1 for short-course chemotherapy with hospital admission; $2.4-3.4 for standard chemotherapy with hospital admission; $0.9-1.1 for ambulatory short-course chemotherapy; and $0.9-1.3 for ambulatory standard chemotherapy. Chemotherapy for smear-positive tuberculosis is thus cheaper than other cost-effective health interventions such as immunisation against measles and oral rehydration therapy. Because the greatest benefit of chemotherapy is reduced transmission of the bacillus; treating HIV-seropositive; tuberculosis smear-positive patients would be only slightly less cost-effective than treating HIV-seronegative; tuberculosis-smear-positive patients