ABSTRACT
Phyllodes tumors are rare fibro-epithelial lesions account for less than 1% of breast neoplasms.Most phyllods are benign but 10% are malignant.Accurate pre-operative pathological diagnosis allows correct surgical planning and avoidance of reoperation. Treatment can be either wide local excision or mastectomy to achieve histologically clear margin.Women aged between 35 and 55 years are commonly involved.Local recurrence occurs in approximately 15% of the patients and is more common after incomplete excision.Approximately 20% of the patients with malignant phyllodes tumors develop distant metastases. The role of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal manipulation in both the adjuvant and palliative setting remain to be defined.The lungs are the most common metastatic site,followed by the skeleton, heart and the liver.Symptoms of metastatic involvement can arise from as early as a few months to as 12 years after the initial therapy.It is also known as Cystosarcoma Phyllods.
ABSTRACT
Ipomoea aquatica (I. aquatica) (Convolvulaceae) is commonly grown green leafy vegetable found throughout India, Ceylon, Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. Traditionally, I. aquatica used as carminative agent and lessens inflammation, and is useful in fever, jaundice, biliousness, bronchitis, liver complaints, etc., I. aquatica is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, fibers, carotenes, and flavanoids with many health benefits. The objective of this review is to highlight the pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and pharmacological information of this plant.
ABSTRACT
Conventional Snellen visual acuity chart has unequal difficulty score and irregular progression in letter size causing jumping effect at different visual acuity levels. There is also increase in number of letters from above downwards. Consequently one or two mistakes per line has different meaning of visual acuity at different levels. We designed a new visual acuity chart of fourteen lines in Hindi and Gujarati to facilitate standardization in visual acuity measurement. These charts are designed for use at six meter distance, and the illumination is provided from front. These charts provide a standardized way of measuring visual acuity using local languages.
Subject(s)
Humans , India , Language , Research , Vision Tests/methods , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
Two systems of Competitive Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were developed to detect Mycobacterial antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM)--one by using indigenously prepared Anti-M.tuberculosis H37Rv-Penicillinase conjugate (Method I) and another by using commercially available Anti M. bovis BCG-Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) conjugate--(Method II). The tests were used to analyse CSF of 148 patients clinically confirmed as having TBM and 278 control subjects. By using > or = 10 ng/ml as the cut-off value for Method I and > or = 1 ng/ml as that for Method II, the specificity for both were 100% and positivity was 79.73% and 67.57% respectively. A follow up study in 26 TBM cases after 2 weeks (16 cases), 4 weeks (13 cases) and 4-12 months (10 cases) of antituberculous treatment revealed that mycobacterial antigen persisted in the majority of cases even after 4 weeks of the treatment.