ABSTRACT
Introduction: Early diagnosis and accurate treatment ofcandida infected patients helps to reduce the risk of infectionand improves patient outcome. Candida isolation, speciationand its invasiveness can be determined by culture, antigen andantibody estimation, glucan estimation and PCR. The presentstudy aimed at candida isolation, speciation and detection ofbiofilm production among various clinical samples.Material and Methods: Various clinical samples such asurine, pus, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, body fluids, tissue, oraland ear swabs etc. were collected from patients in a sterilecontainer and transported immediately to Microbiologylaboratory and processed according to standard protocols.Results: Out of 64 candida isolates from various clinicalisolates, Majority were Candida albicans (37.5%), followed bycandida tropicalis (32.8%), candida krusei (20.3%), Candidaparapsilosis (6.2%) and Candida glabrata (3.1%).Conclusion: Early diagnosis and accurate treatment ofcandida infected patients helps to reduce the risk of infectionand improves patient outcome. Assessing biofilm productionof candida isolates helps us to plan treatment and identify theniche for production of biofilms
ABSTRACT
GeneXpert is a novel, automated diagnostic test that can identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA and resistance to rifampicin (RIF) rapidly for Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Incidence of EPTB is increasing in low burden settings in comparison to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) & EPTB is relatively neglected. Aim: This study is aimed at knowing the incidence of EPTB and rifampicin sensitivity using an automated rapid detection method, GeneXpert. Methods: 271 EPTB positive patients were included in this retrospective study during a period from January to July 2018. Details regarding TB diagnosis, rifampicin sensitivity, nature of the sample and patient details including age, sex, occupation, address, habits, past history of TB, HIV status and other clinically relevant information was obtained from hospital and laboratory registers. Results: Out of 1290 tuberculosis positive patients, 1019 were of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) i.e., 78.9% and remaining 271 were of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) i.e., 21.1%. 42.4% (115 out of 271) patients were in the age group of 31-40 years. Female predominance was observed in EPTB patients. Among 271 EPTB patients, 122 (45%) were diagnosed as pleural TB, 95 (35%) patients affected by tuberculosis at lymphnodes, 3(1.1%) had meningeal TB, 9(3.3%) EPTB cases were diagnosed from pus samples of various clinical conditions and remaining 42(15.4%) EPTB cases identified from various samples including tissues, genitourinary, synovial fluid, bones & joints. 247 (91.1%) out of 271 EPTB patients clinical samples showed rifampicin sensitive. 12 (9.8%) out of 122 pleural tuberculosis cases and 5 (5.2%) out of 95 TB lymphadenitis cases showed resistant rifampicin. Conclusion: TB can be diagnosed by various methods, among which GeneXpert is a rapid, reliable, easy to operate, automated system. GeneXpert helps physicians by providing rapid diagnosis within 90 minutes, in turn aid to initiate prompt treatment at the earliest.