National guidelines for data quality in surveys: An overview

Good quality health, nutrition and demographic survey data are vital for evidence-based decision-making. Existing literature indicates system specific, data collection and reporting gaps that affect quality of health, nutrition and demographic survey data, thereby affecting its usability and relevance. To mitigate these, the National Data Quality Forum (NDQF), under the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute of Medical Statistics (NIMS) developed the National Guidelines for Data Quality in Surveys delineating assurance mechanisms to generate standard quality data in surveys. The present article highlights the principles from the guidelines for informing survey researchers/organizations in generating good quality survey data. It describes the process of development of the national guidelines, principles for each of the survey phases listed in the document and applicability of them to data user for ensuring data quality. The guidelines may be useful to a broad-spectrum of audience such as data producers from government and non-government organizations, policy makers, research institutions, as well as individual researchers, thereby playing a vital role in improving quality of health, nutrition and demographic data ecosystem.

Sex determination from hand dimensions for forensic identification.

Background: Sex determination is an important and foremost criteria in establishing the identity of an individual. The issue of Sex discrimination can be very complicated in cases of intersex, bodies in advanced state of putrefaction, mutilated & fragmentary remains in which it is common to recover dismembered & peripheral parts of the body. It was realized that anthropometric measurements of the hand has been very useful tool in sexual identification. Objectives: This paper attempts to discriminate between male and female on the basis of hand dimensions, to investigate among the variables which can better predict sex, to derive sectioning point for discriminating sex and to reflect frequent hand index category among the sexes. Methods: The research study was based on 182 subjects (91 males & 91 females) within age 18-60 years, devoid of any deformity, fracture or surgical proceedings of either hand were randomly selected from Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Hand Length and Hand Breadth was obtained from each subject and results were analyzed using IBM SPSS computer software. Results: Hand length and hand breadth show statistically significant male – female differences at p<0.001. Hand Breadth was found as best predictor of sex in comparison with hand length. Frequency of hand index categories reveals that females have highest dolichocheir morphology of hand. Sectioning point analysis confirms that cut-off point of 43 and below is suggestive of male hand whereas above 43 were considered as female hand. Conclusions: This study has implications in mass disasters and in criminal cases where an isolated hand is recovered and needs forensic identification.

Salmonella bacteraemia in Pokhara: emergence of antibiotic resistance.

We undertook a retrospective hospital based study of 2,354 blood culture specimens from June 2000 to May 2003 in order to determine the isolation rates of Salmonella species and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in western Nepal. Blood samples were cultured and identification of Salmonella species. and their antibiotic susceptibility testing were done as per standard protocol. Of the total 114 (4.8 %) yielded Salmonella species. Of them 76 (66.7%) Salmonella typhi and 38 (33.3%) S. paratyphi A. S. typhi was found to be the predominant species each year. Higher proportion of Salmonella bacteraemia was seen in adults, with a clearcut male to female preponderance (1.8:1). Monsoons enhanced the risk of acquiring enteric fever. There is also a rise in the number of multi-drug resistant strains in and around Pokhara Valley, with 40.7% S. typhi and 5.2% S. paratyphi A showing resistance to two or more antibiotics. These isolates were primarily resistant to the first line drugs namely Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole but susceptible to third generation Cephalosporins. Appearance of multi drug resistance poses considerable threat of increased morbidity and mortality in this region. This emphasizes the need for prudent use of antimicrobials.