Purification of inulinases by changing the ionic strength of the medium and precipitation with alcohols

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the purification of inulinase by changing the ionic strength of the medium by addition of NaCl and CaCl2 followed by precipitation with n-propyl alcohol or iso-propyl alcohol. The effects of the concentration of alcohols and the rate of addition of alcohols in the crude extract on the purification yield and purification factor were evaluated. Precipitation caused an activation of enzyme and allowed purification factors up to 2.4-fold for both alcohols. The purification factor was affected positively by the modification of the ionic strength of the medium to 0.5 mol.L-1 NaCl before precipitation with the alcohol (n-propyl or iso-propyl). A purification factor of 4.8-fold and an enzyme yield of 78.1 % could be achieved by the addition of 0.5 mol.L-1 of NaCl to the crude extract, followed by the precipitation with 50 % (v/v) of n-propyl alcohol, added at a flow rate of 19.9 mL/min.

Decontamination of Pig Carcasses Using Water Pressure and Lactic Acid

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different water pressures and concentrations of lactic acid on microbial counts (mesophilic bacteria, enterobacteria and Salmonella) on pig carcasses without contamination and contaminated carcasses, before and after the last shower and before being cooled. The tests were carried out using 4, 3 and 2 bar water pressure, and 2, 1 and 0% lactic acid concentration. In general, both the pressure in the shower and lactic acid had a positive effect by reducing the microbial count. The interaction between the pressure and lactic acid caused the largest reduction in carcasses surface count for mesophiles. With regard to enterobacteria on contaminated carcasses, the most important variable was the lactic acid concentration and in uncontaminated carcasses, it was water pressure. The use of 8 bar pressure of the wash water without lactic acid caused a reduction in mesophilic bacteria and enterobacteria, for both the contaminated and uncontaminated carcasses, with results statistically equal to each other, and significantly lower than the initial counts. The water pressure at 8 bar reduced the percentage of carcasses with Salmonella in contaminated carcasses.

Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity in Oxidized Leaves of Mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil)

Ilex paraguariensis is a native species to South America. Its economic importance is in the use of its leaves and twigs in the processing of a product popularly known as "chimarrão". The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between some physico-chemical process parameters in the oxidation of I. paraguariensis leaves oxidation. The leaves of Maté with age 1.0, 6.5 and 12.0 months were subjected to an oxidation process for 3 h under different relative humidity conditions (80, 90 and 99%) at 26°C. The extracts were evaluated using the experimental design techniques to maximize the oxidation conditions for the total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, water activity and color. The condition of 90% humidity and leaf age 6.5 months resulted in lower lightness and yellow color of the product. Green color was not significantly influenced by the studied parameters. The highest levels of total phenols and antioxidant potential were found when the leaf age was one month and humidity was 90%. Thus, it could be concluded that the air humidity of the chamber and leaf age influenced the oxidation process of the leaves of Maté as well as the antioxidant capacity of the extract obtained.

'Synthetic lipase' production from a newly isolated Sporidiobolus pararoseus strain by submerged fermentation

The lipase produced by a newly isolate Sporidiobolus pararoseus strain has potential catalysis ability for esterification reactions. In order to improve its synthetic activity, this work aimed at optimizing 'synthetic lipase' production by submerged fermentation of a conventional media based on peptone, yeast extract, NaCl and olive oil using experimental design technique. According to the results obtained in the first experimental design (2(4-1)), yeast extract and NaCl concentrations were tested to further optimization by response surface methodology. The maximum 'synthetic lipase' activity obtained was 26.9 U/mL in the optimized media (5.0, 6.8, 7.0 and 1.0% (wt/v) of peptone, yeast extract, NaCl and olive oil, respectively), representing a 6.36-fold increase compared to the initial medium. The time course of 'synthetic lipase' production in the optimized condition was evaluated in terms of synthetic activity, protease activity, biomass and total carbon and the maximum synthetic activity was observed during the stationary phase of growth.

Viability of Staphylococcus xylosus during shelf-life of dulce de leche prepared by vacuum evaporation / Viabilidade de Staphylococcus xylosus na vida de prateleira de doce de leite elaborado em evaporador a vácuo

In this research an innovation in the manufacture of dulce de leche by vacuum evaporation is presented, based on the addition of Staphylococcus xylosus. The culture growth, lactic acid bacteria, pH, acidity, water activity, and lactose and sucrose contents were monitored. The cell counting of S. xylosus varied from log10 6.22cfu g-1 to log10 6.83cfu g-1. Lactic acid bacteria naturally occurring in the milk varied from log10 3.62cfu g-1 to log10 4.38cfu g-1 (90th day of storage). The pH was favourable to the growth of S. xylosus, showing the viability of using this culture in this kind of product.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de inovação, que é a adição da cultura pura de Staphylococcus xylosus em doce de leite elaborado em evaporador a vácuo. Monitorou-se o desenvolvimento da cultura pura e das bactérias lácticas, o pH, a acidez, a atividade de água e os teores de lactose e sacarose. O número de colônias da cultura pura variou de log10 6,22ufc g-1 a log10 6,83ufc g-1, enquanto que as bactérias lácticas naturalmente presentes no doce variaram de log10 3,62ufc g-1 a log10 4,38ufc g-1 no 90° dia de armazenamento. O valor de pH foi favorável ao crescimento do S. xylosus, demonstrando a viabilidade do uso da cultura neste tipo de produto.

Assessment of oxidation of leaves of Ilex paraguariensis (St. Hil)

This work aimed to study the oxidation of leaves of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil, in a process similar to the oxidation of Camellia sinensis, with the purpose of developing new products based on yerba maté. So far, no previous systematic study about the oxidation of yerba maté has been found elsewhere. A Plackett-Burman experimental design was used for the screening of the significant parameters that affected the oxidation. The oxidation was indirectly quantified by following the changes in the product color, water activity, and pH with the time of processing. The factors that most influenced the process were the age of the leaves and the relative humidity of the oxidation chamber. The differences between the treatments were more evident after 3, 6 12 and 24 h of oxidation. The results could contribute to the developing of new products based on I. paraguariensis St. Hil, increasing the profitability of cultivation of this native species.

Molecular identification of pollen donor plants on a progeny of Cambona-4 female matrix of maté ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. – Aquifoliaceae ) / Identificação molecular de plantas polinizadoras em uma progênie da matriz de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. - Aquifoliaceae) Cambona-4

A progeny of Cambona-4, a female maté plant (Ilex paraguariensis) selected by its agronomical characteristics and mild flavor, was evaluated using RAPD markers in order to identify its male parents. Using RAPD markers specifics of each one of the four potential males, the paternity of 84 out of 107 offsprings was confirmed. The majority of the offsprings (83.3%) were ascribed to pollen donor A, while male plants B, C, and D represented 11.9, 4.8, and 0%, respectively. The highly desirable agronomical characteristics and product quality of Cambona-4/pollen donor A offsprings, identified by RAPD markers, lead to the planting of an orchard Cambona-4 and pollinator A to obtain bi-clonal commercial seeds

Uma progênie da matriz feminina de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) denominada Cambona-4, selecionada pelas suas características agronômicas e sabor suave, foi avaliada por marcadores RAPD para a identificação dos respectivos parentais masculinos. Usando-se fragmentos específicos de RAPD de cada um dos quatro polinizadores potenciais, a paternidade de 84 de 107 descendentes foi confirmada. A maioria dos descendentes (83,3%) foi atribuída ao polinizador A, enquanto os polinizadores B, C e D representaram 11,9; 4,8 e 0%, respectivamente. As características agronômicas e de qualidade do produto, oriundas da progênie Cambona-4/polinizador A, identificado pelos marcadores RAPD, direcionaram o plantio de um pomar a partir do cruzamento destas para obtenção de sementes comerciais biclonais.

Extração e recuperação de prata e mercúrio em efluentes gerados na determinação de DQO empregando métodos físico-químicos / Extraction and recovery of silver and mercury from COD-test residues using physico-chemical methods

Durante as análises de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) é gerado um efluente líquido que se caracteriza pela presença de elevadas concentrações de metais pesados (Hg, Ag, Cr e Fe). Visando à remoção seletiva destes metais, possibilitando suas reutilizações, foram avaliados diferentes agentes precipitantes (Cl-, Br-, I- e S= para a Ag e o Hg e NaOH, NH4OH e NaHCO3 para o Cr e o Fe). Para a Ag e o Hg os melhores resultados em termos de remoção e recuperação seletiva foram obtidos quando do emprego seqüencial dos íons cloreto e sulfeto. Devido à presença de Hg(I), se fez necessário o emprego de NH4OH para separar seletivamente a Ag, presente na forma de AgCl, precipitada concomitantemente com Hg(I) como Hg2Cl2. Para o Cr e o Fe foram obtidas remoções que satisfazem à legislação (FEPAM) para ambos os elementos, somente quando do emprego do NaOH como agente precipitante.

In the analysis of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) a liquid residue rich in heavy metals (Hg, Ag, Cr, Fe) is obtained. This work aimed to remove, in a selective way, such metals from the residue using chemical precipitation, also creating a possibility to recover and reuse the heavy metals,. Different precipitants were evaluated (Cl-, Br-, I- and S= for Ag and Hg, and NaOH, NH4OH and NaHCO3 for Cr and Fe). The best results for selective recovery of Ag and Hg were obtained using chloride followed by sulphide. Due to the presence of Hg(I) it is necessary the use of NH4OH to separate Ag and Hg(I) that are both precipitated as AgCl and Hg2Cl2. Removal of Cr and Fe that attends the local limits set by the official control agency (FEPAM) was only obtained when NaOH was used as precipitating agent.